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Moredetails Words:6,062 Pages:8 Preview Fulltext Designation:D2573–01 StandardTestMethodfor FieldVaneShearTestinCohesiveSoil1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD2573;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval. D653TerminologyRelatingSoilandRockandContainedFluids3D1587PracticeforThin-WalledTubeSamplingofSoils3D2166TestMethodforUnconfinedCompressiveStrengthofCohesiveSoil3D2488PracticeforDescriptionandIdentificationofSoils(Visual-ManualProcedure)3D3740MinimumRequirementsforAgenciesEngagedintheTestingand/orInspectionofSoilandRockasUsedinEngineeringDesignandConstruction3D4648TestMethodforLaboratoryMiniatureVaneShearTestforSaturatedFine-GrainedClayeySoil3D5434GuideforFieldLoggingofSubsurfaceExplorationsofSoilandRock3D5783GuidefortheUseofDirect-RotaryDrillingwithWater-BasedDrillingFluidforGeoenvironmentalExplorationandtheInstallationofSubsurfaceWater-QualityMonitoring4D6151PracticeforHollow-StemAugerDrillingandSamplingofSoilforGeotechnicalPurposes42.2OtherStandards:RecommendedStandardforFieldVaneShearTest,SwedishGeotechnicalSociety,SGFReport2:93E,SwedishGeotechnicalInstitute,Linköping:www.swedgeo.seEuroCode7:GeotechnicalDesign–Part3DesignAssistedbyFieldTesting,ENV1997-3:1999E,CEN 1.Scope*1.1Thistestmethodcoversthefieldvanetestinsaturatedclayandsiltsoilsfordeterminationofundrainedshearstrength.Knowledgeofthenatureofthesoilinwhicheachvanetestistobemadeisnecessaryforassessmentoftheapplicabilityandinterpretationofthetest.Thetestisnotapplicableforsandysoilswhichmayallowdrainageduringthetest.1.2Thistestmethodaddressestestingonlandandfortestingindrillholesorbyselfdrillingorcontinuouspushmethodsfromthegroundsurface.Thismethoddoesnotaddressmarinetestingwherespecialtestrequirementsorvariationsinequipmentmayberequired.TheuserisreferredtoASTMSTP1014foradditionalinformationonin-placevanesheartesting.21.3Thismethodisoftenusedinconjunctionwithfluidrotarydrilling(D5783)orhollow-stemaugers(D6151).Someapparatuseshavethevaneretractedinprotectiveshoeforadvancementandincrementaltesting.Sampling,suchaswiththinwalltubes(D1587)isoftencombinedwithvanetesting.Subsurfacegeotechnicalexplorationsarereportedinaccordancewithpractice(D5434).1.4UndrainedshearstrengthandsensitivityofcohesivesoilscanalsobemeasuredinUnconfinedCompressionD2166andLaboratoryVaneTest(D4648).1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.English(Imperial)unitsaregiveninparentheses.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse. 3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1Forcommondefinitionsoftermsinthisstandard,refertoTerminologyD653.3.1.2sensitivity—theeffectofremoldingontheconsistencyofcohesivesoil.3.1.3vanesheartest(VST)—anin-placesheartestinwhicharodwiththinradialvanesattheendisforcedintothesoilandtheresistancetorotationoftherodisdetermined.3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:3.2.1remoldedundrainedshearstrength—shearstrengthoffine-grainedsoilinrapidloadingwithlittleornodrainageofporewaterpressureaftersignificantfailureandremoldingof 2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards: 1ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.02onSamplingandRelatedFieldTestingforSoilInvestigations.OriginallypublishedasD2573–67T.LastpreviouseditionD2573–7294.CurrenteditionapprovedNov.10,2001.PublishedMarch2002.2ASTMSTP1014onVaneShearStrengthTestinginSoils(1988). 34 AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.08.AnnualBookofASTMStandards,Vol04.09. *ASummaryofChangessectionappearsattheendofthisstandard.Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates. 1 D2573theinitialsoilstructure.(AlsoseeD2166andD4648).3.2.2undrainedshearstrength—shearstrengthoffinegrainedsoil(primarilyclaysandclayeysilts)inrapidloadingwithessentiallynodrainageofporewaterpressure.(AlsoseeD2166andD4648).3.2.3vane—adevicewithfour,thin,flatmetalbladesorplates,fixedatanangleof90degreestoeachother,whichisinsertedintothesoilandthenrotatedaboutaverticalaxisforsheartesting(seeFig.1).3.2.4vaneshoe—asectionofdrillcasingandcuttingbitattheendinwhichthevanecanberetractedwhiledrillingorpushing3.3Symbols:3.3.1InaccordancewithASTMD653.3.3.2shearstrength,su—themaximum(undrained)resistanceofsoiltoshearingstresses.3.4SymbolsSpecifictoThisStandard:3.4.1peakundrainedshearstrength,(su)fv—thepeakundrainedshearingresistancemeasuredduringtheinitialrotationofthevaneinavanesheartest.3.4.2remoldedundrainedshearstrength,(sur)fv—theremoldedundrainedshearstrengthismeasuredafterfivetotenofvanerotationsinavanesheartest.3.4.3sensitivity–STfv—theratioofpeakundrainedshearstrengthtoremoldedundrainedshearstrengthmeasuredinthefieldvanesheartest:STfv=(su)fv/(sur)fv.Theremoldedshearstrengthismeasuredafterlargeshearingstrains(see8.7and9.3). compressiontesting(D2166)andlaboratoryvanetesting(D4648). 3.4.4torque–T,(FL)—themeasuredtorque(ormoment)requiredtorotatethevane.3.4.5vanearearatio–VA–%—theratioofthecrosssectionareaofthevanetothecircularareaoftherotatedvaneexpressedasapercent(seeFig.2).3.5Acronyms:3.5.1VST—vanesheartest.3.5.2FV—fieldvane.4.SummaryofTestMethod4.1Thevanesheartestconsistsofplacingafour-bladedvaneintheundisturbedsoilandrotatingitfromthesurfacetodeterminethetorquerequiredtoshearacylindricalsurfacewiththevane.Thistorque,ormoment,isthenconvertedtoatheunitshearingresistanceofthefailuresurfacebylimitequilibriumanalysis.Frictionofthevanerodandinstrumentareeitherminimizedduringreadingsbyspecialcasingsorhousing,orelseaccountedforandsubtractedfromthetotaltorquetodeterminethetorqueappliedtothevane.5.SignificanceandUse5.1Thistestmethodprovidesanindicationofin-situundrainedshearstrengthoffine-grainedclaysandsiltsorotherfinegeomaterialssuchasminetailings,organicmuck,andsubstanceswhereundrainedstrengthdeterminationisrequired.Thetestisapplicabletosoilswithundrainedstrengthsoflessthan200kPa(2tsf).Verysensitivesoilscanberemoldedduringvaneinsertion.5.2Thistestmethodisusedextensivelyinavarietyofgeotechnicalexplorationstoevaluaterapidloadingstrengthfortotalstressanalysisofsaturatedfine-grainedclaysandsilts.Thetestisroutinelyperformedinconjunctionwithotherfieldandlaboratorytests.5.3Thepeakundrainedshearresistanceofthevanetestiscommonlycorrectedtodeterminetheundrainedshearstrengthforgeotechnicalanalysis.Theagencyrequestingthetestingmustinterpretthesedatatodetermineapplicabilityforstrengthanalysis.Itisbeyondthescopeofthisstandardtorecommendapplicabilityofvanetestingforgeotechnicalanalysis.Forinformationonthegeneraluseofthesecorrectionfactors,consultAppendixX1.5.4Thismethodisnotapplicableinsands,gravels,orotherhighpermeabilitysoils.Withtheshearingratesdescribedinthisstandard,sandlenses,ifpresent,willallowtotalorpartialdrainage.Soilswithhigherpermeability,inrapidshear,candilateorcollapseandgeneratenegativeorpositiveporepressureswhichmay,ormaynot,dissipateintheshearingprocess.Itisimportanttocheckthesoiltypebeingtested.Itisverybeneficialtosamplethesoileitherbeforeoraftertesting,tounderstandthedrainageconditions(permeability)ofthesoiltested.5.5Thistestisoftenperformedindrilledboreholesorwithself-pushorself-drillingorpushed(vaneshoe)methods.Thismethodalsoappliestohandheldvanesheartestsperformedatshallowdepths,however,handheldequipmentmaybelessaccurate,becauseitmaybemoredifficulttomaintainvane/rodstabilityandverticality. NOTE1—Previousandexistingstandardshavespecifieddifferentamountsofrotation,from5to25revolutions,formeasurementofremoldedstrength.2Ifsensitivityisreported,thenumberofrevolutionsmustalsobereported.Sensitivitycanalsobemeasuredinunconfined FIG.1GeometryofFieldVanes NOTE2—Thequalityoftheresultproducedbythisstandardis 2 D2573 FIG.2DefinitionofVaneAreaRatio(ASTMD4648)(Note,risradiusofcentralshaft). vaneshaftdiameter(d)shallnotexceed14mmatthecenterofthevane.6.1.4VaneAreaRatio—AsshownonthedetailinFig.2,thevanebladeedgesandfilletrodandweldsshallbesufficientlysmalltominimizesoildisturbanceduringinsertion.TheVaneAreaRatio,VA,mustbelessthan12%.Withbladetaperingandtaperingreductionofthevaneshaft(d=2r),VAcanbereducedlessthan10%.6.1.5Thedistance,1,fromthetopedgeofthevanetoanincreaseintorqueroddiameter(6.3)is5dwheredisthevaneshaftdiameteratthetopofthevane.Ifalargediameterfrictioncouplerortorquerodsleeveisused,distance1is150mm(6-in.).6.1.6Avanewiththeuppertaperededgeshastheadvantagethatthevanewillnotgetcaughtonanexteriorcasinguponwithdrawal.6.1.7Thebottomedgeofthevanebladescanbesharpenedtofacilitatepenetrationintothesoil.Theedgesofthebladescanbesharpenedandbeveledtocounter-rotateagainstafrictioncoupler(6.4).6.2TorqueMeasurementDevice—Torqueshallbeappliedtotherods,hencetothevane.Thisisaccomplishedwithaclampingdeviceandtorqueapplicationapparatussetatthetopoftherods.Theaccuracyofthetorquereadingshallbesuchthatitwillproduceavariationnottoexceed61.0kPa(625lb/ft2)incomputedshearstrength.6.2.1Itispreferabletoapplytorquetothevanewithageareddrive.Intheabsenceofageareddrive,itisacceptabletoapplythetorquedirectlybyhandwithatorquewrenchorequivalent.Iftorqueisappliedbyhandanasteriskshallbeplacednexttotheresultantshearstressand“handtorqued”shallbenoted.Thedurationofthetestshallbecontrolledby dependentonthecompetenceofthepersonnelperformingit,andthesuitabilityoftheequipmentandfacilitiesused.AgenciesthatmeetthecriteriaofPracticeD3740aregenerallyconsideredcapableofcompetentandobjectivetesting.UsersofthisstandardarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitselfassurereliableresults.Reliableresultsdependonmanyfactors;StandardPracticeD3740providesameansofevaluatingsomeofthosefactors. 6.Apparatus6.1Thevaneshallconsistofafour-bladedvaneasillustratedinFig.1.Vanesarenormallyconstructedofsteel.Differentalloysofsteelsuchasnickel-chromium,orsteeltreatmentprocessessuchashardening,canbeusedtoreducebladethickness.Theendsofthevanemaybeflatortapered.VanedimensionsareasfollowswithnotationfromFig.1.VaneDiameter,D:35to100mm(1.5to4in.)VaneShaftDiameter,d:12.5to16.5mm(0.5in.)VaneHeight,H:1D#H#2.5DTaperAngle,i:usually0(rectangular)or45degrees(tapered) 6.1.1Forgoodtorqueresolution,selectavanediameterthatislargeenoughtoprovideoptimumtorqueresolution.Thediameterselectedisdirectlyrelatedtotheconsistencyofthesoilbeingtested.Forsoftersoils,largersizesarerequiredforgoodresolution.Instiffersoils,smallervanesarerequiredtoavoiddamagetothetorquemeasurementdevice(6.2).Whenusedindrillholes,themaximumvanesizeisdependentontheinsidediameteroftheboringorcasing.6.1.2BladeThickness—Maximumbladethicknessislimitedtoe<3mm(0.006to0.125in.).Theaveragethicknessshallbee=2mm.Vanebladeedgeordimension(e)onFig.2canbetaperedtobethinnerattheedgestoreducedisturbancefrominsertion.26.1.3Thevaneshaftdiameter,d(shownalsoas2rinFig.1)abovethetopofthevanebladesshallbelessthan17mm.The3 D2573thiscouplingispreferredoverblankrodtestingfordeterminationofrodfriction,becausemeasurementsaremadedirectlyinthesoiltested.6.5Centralizers—Fortestsperformedindrillholes,itwillbenecessarytoequipthetorquerodswithcentralizerstoassureaverticalpushandtopreventtorquerodbuckling.Theyaredesignedtosupporttherods,whileminimizinganyrodfrictionwhendeflected.Centralizersmustbesmallerindiameterthanthedrillhole.Theyshallbedesignedtoallowthepassageofdrillfluids.6.6AdvancementEquipment—Whenusedindrillholes,thedriveheadandpull-downcapabilityofthedrillrigcanbeusedtopushthevanebelowthebaseofthehole.Someequipmentisdesignedtopushthevanefromthesurface.Itisimportanttopushthevaneverticallyandstraight.Atopcentralizerandrodcentralizerscanbeusedwithcasingstoassurestraightpush.6.7ReactionCasing—Indrillholeapplications,wherethetorqueheadclampstothecasing,itmaybenecessarytouseanupperfinnedcasingtoassuretorquereaction.Typically,hollowstemaugers(D6151)providesufficientreactionforatorqueheadwithoutfins.Theneedforcasingreactioncanbedeterminedbyslippageofthecasingoraugersduringtestingcausingperiodic/intermittentdropsintorque·Ifslippageoccurs,usefinnedcasing,orperformlesscleaningoftheaugersflights.6.8VaneHousing/Casing—Somevanesystemsaredesignedtoretractintoacasingequippedwithacuttingbit(four-bladeddragbit).Fluidcanbecirculatedthroughthecuttingbit.Whenthetestdepthisreached,thevanecanbepushedintothetestinterval. therequirementsof8.6.6.2.2Sometorquemeasurementdevicesarecapableofmakinghardcopyorcomputerrecordsoftheloaddisplacementhistory.Othermanuallyreadsystemsusetorqueringsanddialgauges.Theseautomaticreadingsystemshaveanadvantageovermanuallyreadsystems,becauseoperatorerrorisreduced,andapermanentrecordofthetestisgeneratedduringthetest.6.3TorqueRods—Thevaneshallbeconnectedtothesurfacebymeansofsteeltorquerods.Typicalroddiameterrangesfrom18to25mm(0.5to1in.).Theserodsshallhavesufficientdiametersuchthattheirelasticlimitisnotexceededwhenthevaneisstressedtoitscapacity(Note3).Theyshallbesocoupledthattheshouldersofthemaleandfemaleendsmeettopreventanypossibilityofthecouplingtighteningwhenthetorqueisappliedduringthetest.6.3.1ProtectiveCasingandVaneShoe—Torquerodscanbesleevedinansmalldiametercasingtoreducerodfriction.Ifatorquerodsleeveorcasingandvaneshoeisused,thetorquerodsshallbeequipped-withwell-lubricatedbearingswheretheypassthroughthehousing.5Thesebearingsshallbeprovidedwithsealsthatpreventsoilfromenteringthem.Thecasingmayrequireventingofwaterpressures.Thetorquerodsshallbeguidedsoastopreventfrictionfromdevelopingbetweenthetorquerodsandthewallsofthecasingortheboring.6.3.2Rodfrictionmeasurementsunderno-loadconditions(suchastheuseofablanksteminplaceofthevanes,oravanethatallowssomefreerotationoftherodpriortoloading)arepermissibleonlyifthetorqueisappliedbyabalancedmomentthatdoesnotresultinasidethrust.Astorquebecomesgreaterduringatest,asidethrustintheinstrumentwillresultinanincreaseinfrictionthatisnotaccountedforbyinitialno-loadreadings.Instrumentsinvolvingsidethrustarenotallowable.Thevanerodmaybeofsufficientrigiditythatitdoesnottwistexcessivelyunderfullloadconditions;otherwiseacorrectionmustbemadeforplottingtorque-rotationcurves.Moststeeltorquerodmeetingtherequirementsinthisstandarddoestwistduringtestingandrequiresacorrectionifvanerotationistobedetermined. 7.Calibration7.1Thetorquemeasurementdeviceiscalibratedbyinsertingarodwithamomentwheelinthedevice.Knownweightsarehungfromthewheelwithsetradius(Rw),andthetorquemeasurementsaretakenandcomparedwiththeappliedmoments(T=W·Rw).7.2Thetorquemeasurementdevicemustbecalibratedatregularlyscheduledintervalsoftimeoramountofuse,inaccordancewithasystematicqualityassuranceplanofthecompanyperformingthetesting.Recordsofthecalibrationsofeachinstrumentshallbemaintainedandavailableforreviewduringtesting.7.3Ifthetorquemeasurementdeviceisdamagedorrepaired,anewcalibrationshallbeperformed.7.4Thereportmustincludethecalibrationdatafortheinstrument,dateofcalibration,andanoteontheamountofusesincethelastcalibration. NOTE3—Iftorqueversusrotationcurvesaretobedetermined,thetorquerodscanbecalibrated.Theamountofrodtwistareestablishedindegreespermeter(foot)perunittorque.Thiscorrectionbecomesprogressivelymoreimportantasthedepthofthetestincreasesandthecalibrationmustbemadeatleasttothemaximumdepthoftestinganticipated.Alternately,rodtwistcanbecalculatedbasedonthepropertiesoftherod.Iftwistiscalculated,thematerialpropertyassumptionmustbereported. 6.4FrictionCoupling—Theconnectionbetweenthevaneandtherodsmayincludeafrictioncouplingorslipcouplingdevice.Thisdeviceisusedwithsinglerodsystemswherethevanemaybeadvancedfarinadvanceoftheprotectivecasing.Thisdeviceisdesignednottoengagethevaneuntilacertainamountofrotation,typically15degreeshasoccurred,andthusallowsfordeterminationofrodfrictionpriortothetest.Useof 8.Procedure8.1Locatetheadvancementequipmentoverthetestlocation.Thetestcanbeperformedinapre-drilledhole,pushingfromthesurface,orwithdrillingthroughavanehousing.8.2Ifnecessary,setareactioncasingtotransferforcestothetorqueheadwithouttwistorslippage.8.3Whendrilling,stopthedrillholeatadepthsuchthatthevanetipmaypenetrateundisturbedsoilforadepthofatleastfivetimestheoutsidediameterofthehole.Inthecasewhereavanehousingisused,advancethehousingtoadepthwhich 5EarthManual,PartII,ThirdEdition,1990,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofReclamation,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice. 4 D2573theshearzonecanbefoundinthesample.Ifasampleisrecoveredandtheshearzoneisdetected,describethesoilsample(D2488)andthesoilsintheshearzone.8.9Conductundisturbedandremoldedvanetestsatintervalsofnotlessthan0.5to0.75mthroughoutthesoilprofilewhenconditionswillpermitvanetesting(Note5).Donotconductthevanetestinanysoilthatpermitsdrainageordilatesduringthetestperiod,suchasstiffclays,sandsorsandysilts,orsoilswherestonesorshellsareencounteredbythevaneinsuchamannerastoinfluencetheresults.Unreliabledatacanbeevaluatedbythetorquerotationcurves,orbysubsequentsamplingofthetestzone. thatisatleastfivevanehousingdiameterslessthanthedesireddepthofthevanetip.8.4Advancethevanefromthebottomoftheholeorthevanehousinginasinglethrusttothedepthatwhichthetestistobeconducted.Thevaneshallbepusheddownwithoutanyuseofblows,vibration,orrotation.Notorqueshouldbeappliedtotherodsduringthethrust.8.5FrictionDeterminations:8.5.1FrictionfromSlipCouplings—Forvanesequippedwithslipcouplings,afterpushingthevane,thefirstpartofthetestwillbetoapplytorqueandmeasuretheforcetoturnthetorquerodsabovetheslipcoupling.Applytheforceatthesamerateastheactualvaneloadinggivenin8.6.Recordtherodfriction.8.5.2BlankRodFrictionTests—Inthecaseweresoilisincontactwiththetorquerods,andthereisnoslipcoupling,determinethefrictionbetweenthesoilandtherodbymeansoftorquetestsconductedonsimilarrodsatsimilardepthswithnovaneattached.Thesetestscanbeperformedinbetweenvanetests.Conducttherodfrictiontestatleastonceoneachsite;thisshallconsistofaseriesoftorquetestsatvaryingdepths.8.5.2.1Whenusinganapparatusinwhichthetorquerodiscompletelyisolatedfromthesoil(vaneshoepush/drillsystem),testingisperformedinincrements.Thevaneisretractedinthecasing,whenthetestzoneisreachedthevaneispushedoutoftheshoe35to50cm.Vanerodfrictionisthiscaseshouldbenegligible.8.6Thetimefromtheendofvanepenetrationtobeginningrotationshallbenomorethan5minutes.Withthevaneinposition,applythetorquetothevaneatarateof0.1deg/s.Permissiblevariationsareintherangeof0.05to0.2deg/s.Thisgenerallyrequiresatimetofailureoffrom2to5min,exceptinverysoftclayswherethetimetofailuremaybeasmuchas10to20min.Instiffermaterials,whichreachfailureatsmalldeformations,itmaybedesirabletoreducetherateofangulardisplacementsothatareasonabledeterminationofthestressstrainpropertiescanbeobtained.Duringtherotationofthevane,holditatafixedelevation.Recordthemaximumtorque.Withapparatuswithmanuallyreadgauges,itisdesirabletorecordintermediatevaluesoftorqueatintervalsof15soratlesserfrequencyifconditionsallow.Noteallunusualoccurrencesduringtesting,suchasslippageorshapeoftheloadingcurve.8.7Followingthedeterminationofthemaximumtorque,rotatethevanerapidlythroughaminimumoffivetotenrevolutions.Thedeterminationoftheremoldedstrengthshallbestartedimmediatelyaftercompletionofrapidrotationandnevermorethan1minaftertheremoldingprocess(Note4). NOTE5—Thisspacingmaybevariedonlybytheengineerinchargeoftheboringprogram. 9.Calculations9.1Calculatetheundrainedshearstrength(Suv)inthefollowingmanner.Theequationsbelowcanbeinanyunitsaslongasshearstrength,torque,anddiameterareinconsistentunits:9.1.1ForarectangularvaneofH/D=2;~Su!fv5 6Tmax7PD3 (1) where:(Su)fv=undrainedshearstrengthfromthevane,Tmax=maximumvalueofmeasuredtorquecorrectedforapparatusandrodfriction,andD=vanediameter(Fig.1).9.1.2ForTaperedandOtherVanes—Thegeneralexpressionforrectangular,bothendstapered,bottomtaperonly,aswellasrhomboidalvanesforanyangles(forexample,Silvestri&Aubertin,ASTMSTP1014,pp.88-103)isgivenby:~sur!fv5 12·TmaxDDPD·116Hcos~iT!cos~iB!2 S D (2) where:suv=undrainedshearstrengthfromthevane,Tmax=maximumvalueofmeasuredtorquecorrectedforapparatusandrodfriction,D=vanediameter(Fig.1),H=heightofvane(Fig.1),iT=angleoftaperatvanetop(Fig.1),and=angleoftaperatvanebottom(Fig.1).iB9.1.3Thetorquereadingfromtheinstrumentmayrequireuseofacalibrationconstantforthetorquemeasurementdevice.9.2PeakUndrainedShearStrength—Calculatethepeakundrainedshearstrength,(Su)fv,fromthemaximumrecordedtorqueforthefirstloadingofthevanetestinaccordancewith9.1.(Note6). NOTE4—Inmanysensitiveclayeysoils,residualstrengthmaybeobtainedwithinonetotworevolutionsorless.Ifsuchsoilsarebeingtested,itisrecommendedthatseveralremoldedstrengthsbeobtainedusingthestandardfivetotenrevolutionsforverification.Ifnomajorremoldedstrengthdifferencesarenoted,remoldedstrengthsmaybeobtainedatlessthantherecommendedfivetotenrevolutions. NOTE6—Thepeakundrainedshearstrengthfromthefieldvanetestneedstobemultipliedbyavanecorrectionfactor(µ)togiveamobilizedfieldvalueofundrainedstrength(su)fieldforgeotechnicalanalysis.Itisessentialinreportstodiscernbetweenrawfieldresultsandcorrecteddata.See5.3andAppendixX1. 8.8Whencombinedwithrotarydrillingmethodsitmaybeadvantageoustotakethinwalltubeordoubletubeauger(D6151)samplesoverthetestedinterval.Over-samplingwillallowforinspectionofsoilinthetestzone.Oftenevidenceof 9.3RemoldedUndrainedShearStrength,(sur)fv—Calculatetheremoldedshearstrengthinaccordancewith9.1,after5 D2573rotationdata.Thereportshallalsoincludesummaryplotsandtablesshowingthestrengthdata.10.2.1Descriptionofthevaneequipmentandadvancementmethods,housedornot.10.2.2Descriptionofthemethodofapplyingandmeasuringthetorque.10.2.3Calculations,includingrodfrictionmeasurements.10.2.4Notesontheresistancetopushingthevane.10.2.5Calibrationinformationforthetorquemeasurementdevice.10.3Inaddition,recordtheinformationthatmayberequiredinASTMstandardD5435GuideforFieldLoggingofSubsurfaceExplorationsofSoilandRock.Thisguideisusedforloggingexplorationsbydrillingandsampling.Someexamplesoftheinformationinclude:10.3.1Boringnumber.10.3.2Location.10.3.3Logofthesoilconditions.10.3.4Referenceelevation.10.3.5Methodofmakingthehole.10.3.6Nameofthedrillingforeman.10.3.7Nameofthesupervisingengineer. rotatingthevaneasspecifiedin8.7andmeasuringtheresidualtorque.Theremoldedshearstresscanbereportedasremoldedundrainedshearstrength,(Sur)fv,9.4Sensitivity,ST—Calculatethesensitivityofthesoilasfollows:STfv5~su!fv/~sur!fv (3) where:=sensitivity(dimensionless),STfv(su)fv=peakundrainedshearstrength,and(sur)fv=remoldedundrainedshearstrength.10.Report10.1Foreachvanetestrecordthefollowingobservations:10.1.1Dateofthetest.10.1.2Boringorsoundingnumber.10.1.3Sizeandshapeofthevane(doubletapered,singletapered,orrectangular).10.1.4Depthofthevanetip.10.1.5Depthofthevanetipbelowthehousingorbottomofthehole.10.1.6Timefromendofpenetrationtobeginningofrotation.10.1.7Maximumtorquereading,andintermediatereadingsifrequiredfortheundisturbedtest.10.1.8Timetosoilfailure.10.1.9Peakundrainedshearstrength,(su)fv(9.2).10.1.10Remoldedstrength,numberofrevolutions(8.7)10.1.11Rateofremolding.10.1.12Maximumtorquereadingfortheremoldedtest(s).10.1.13Remoldedstrength,(Sur)fv(9.3).10.1.14Frictiondeterminations.10.1.15Sensitivy,STfv,fordeterminationofsensitivity(9.4).10.1.16Notesonanydeviationsfromstandardtestprocedure.10.2SummaryReport—Thesummaryreportwillincludeinformationbelow.Thereportwillincludeplotsofthetorque 11.PrecisionandBias11.1Precision—Testdataonprecisionisnotpresentedduetothenatureofthistestmethod.Itiseithernotfeasibleortoocostlyatthistimetohavetenormoreagenciesparticipateinaninsitutestingprogramatagivensite.11.1.1SubcommitteeD18.02isseekinganydatafromusersofthismethodthatmightbeusedtomakealimitedstatementonprecision.11.2Bias—Thereisnoacceptedreferencevalueforthistestmethod,therefore,biascannotbedetermined.12.Keywords12.1clay;exploration;in-situtest;sensitivity;shearstrength;undrainedstrength;vaneshear APPENDIX(NonmandatoryInformation)X1.VANECORRECTIONFACTOR theratioofrawmeasuredpeakandremoldedstrengthsandisnotcorrected. X1.1Itisveryimportantthatthemeasuredvanestrengthbecorrectedpriortouseinstabilityanalysesinvolvingembankmentsonsoftground,bearingcapacity,andexcavationsinsoftclays(Bjerrum,1972,1973).Themobilizedshearstrengthisgivenby:tmobilized5µv~su!fv X1.2Oneproposedcorrectionfactorforfieldvanedataispresentedbelow.Othercorrectionmethodshavebeenproposed.Additionalinformationcanbefoundinthereferences.Theapplicationofcorrectionfactorsshallbeperformedbyaqualifiedprofessional.TheASTMcommitteedoesnotrecommendorendorseanysinglemethodforadjustingthedata.Thisinformationispresentedtobringattentiontothefactthata (X1.1) whereµv=empiricalcorrectionfactorthathasbeenrelatedtoplasticityindex(PI)and/orliquidlimit(LL)and/orotherparametersbasedonbackcalculationfromfailurecasehistoryrecordsoffull-scaleprojects.Thesensitivity,ST,isbasedon 6 D2573correctionfactorofsomemethodisnormallyrequiredtorawvanesheardata. µv51.05–0.045~PI!0.5 X1.2.1BasedonanextensivereviewofthefactorsandrelationshipsaffectingvanemeasurementsinclaysandsiltswithPI>5%recommendsthefollowingexpression(Chandler,1988):µv51.05–b~PI!0.5 (X1.2) wheretheparameterbisaratefactorthatdependsuponthetime-to-failure(tfinminutes)intheactualfailure(notinthefieldtest)andgivenby:b50.01510.0075logtf (X1.4) X1.2.2Interestingly,therawvanestrengthratio(suv/svo8)haslongbeenobservedtoincreasewithplasticityindex(forexample,Skempton,1948).Conversely,thevanecorrectionfactor(µv)decreaseswithPI.Theneteffectisthatthemobilizedstrengthbackcalculatedfromfailurecasehistoriesinvolvingembankments,foundations,andexcavationsinsoftclaysisessentiallyindependentofplasticityindex(forexample,Mesri,1989).Aas,et.al.(1986)haveproposedacorrectionmethodwhichuses(suv/svo8)astheindependentvariableratherthanPI.X1.2.3Alternativecorrectionfactorsaregivenbasedoncompilationsofbackcalculatedfailuresoffoundations,embankments,andexcavations(Bjerrum,1973),fieldloadtestsandlaboratorydata(Larsson,1980),three-dimensionalstabilityconsiderations(Azzouz,etal.,1983),laboratorysheardata(Mesri,1989),andoedometerdata(Mayne&Mitchell,1988),aswellaseffectivestressanalyses(Morris&Williams,1993,1994). (X1.3) ThecombinedrelationshipsareshowninFig.X1.1.Forguidance,embankmentsonsoftgroundarenormallyassociatedwithttontheorderof104minutesbecauseofthetimeinvolvedinconstructionusinglargeequipment.Forthiscase,EqX1.2becomes: FIG.X1.1ProposedCorrectionFactortoRawFieldVaneShearDatafromPlasticityIndex(afterChandler,1988) REFERENCES(1)Aas,G.,Lacasse,S.,Lunne,T.,andHoeg,K.,“UseofInSituTestsforFoundationDesignonClay,”UseofInSituTestsinGeotechnicalEngineering,S.P.,Clemence,Ed.,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,NewYork,1986,pp.1-30.(2)Azzouz,A.,Baligh,M.andLadd,C.C.(1983).Correctedfieldvanestrengthforembankmentdesign.JournalofGe6technicalEngineering109(5),730-734.(3)Bjerrum,L.(1972).Embankmentsonsoftground.PerformanceofEarthandEarth-SupportedStructures,Vol.II,(PurdueConference),ASCE,Reston,VA,1-54.(4)Bjerrum,L.(1973).Problemsofsoilmechanics&constructiononsoftclays.Proceedings,8thInternationalConferenceonSoilMechanics&FoundationEngineering,Vol.3,Session4,Moscow,111-159.(5)Chandler,R.J.(1988).Thein-situmeasurementoftheundrainedshearstrengthofclaysusingthefieldvane.VaneShearStrengthTestinginSoils:Field&LabStudies,STP1014,ASTM,WestConshohocken,PA,13-44. (6)Larsson,R.(1980).Undrainedshearstrengthinstabilitycalculationofembankments&foundationsonclays.CanadianGeotechnicalJournal17(4),591-602.(7)Mayne,P.W.andMitchell,J.K.(1988).Profilingofoverconsolidationratioinclaysbyfieldvane.CanadianGeotechnicalJournal25(1),150-157.(8)Mesh,G.(1989).Are-evaluationofsuvusinglaboratorysheartests.CanadianGeotechnicalJournal26(1),162-164.(9)Morris,P.H.andWilliams,D.J.(1993).Anewmodelofvaneshearstrengthtestinginsoils.Geotechnique43(3),489-500.(10)Morris,P.H.andWilliams,D.J.(1994).Effectivestressvanestrengthcorrectionfactorcorrelations.CanadianGeotechnicalJournal31(3),335-342.(11)Skempton,A.W.(1948).VanetestsinthealluvialplainofRiverForthnearGrangemouth.GeotechniqueVol.1(2),111-124. 7 D2573SUMMARYOFCHANGESInaccordancewithcommitteeD-18policy,thissectionidentifiesthelocationofchangestothisstandardsincethelastedition,1994,thatmayimpacttheuseofthisstandard.6.7Addedsectiononreactioncasing.6.8Addedsectiononvanehousingsystem.(7)CalibrationAddedinformationonhowandwhentocalibratethetorquemeasurementdevice.(8)ProcedureAdded8.1onlocatingdrill/pushequipment.Added8.2tosetreactioncasingifneeded.Added8.5,8.5.1,8.5.2,8.5.2.1explaininghowfrictiondeterminationsaremade,usingslipcouplingorvanehousingsystems.8.6Changedspeedrangefrom0.05to0.2degrees/second.Requirelessthan5minutestofailure.Noteoccurrencesduringtesting.8.8Addedsectionontakingtubesamplesaftertesting.(9)CalculationsAddedsection9.1.1-simplifiedequationforrectangularvaneH/D=2.ChangedSection9.1.2-simplifiedequationforanyshapevane.Addedsection9.2-determinationofpeakshearstressandstrength.Addedsection9.3-determinationofremoldedshearstressandstrength.Addedsection9.4-determinationofsensitivity.Removedsectionswithcomplexvaneconstants-Kvalue.(10)ReportAddedbasicdetailsrequiredforeachtest.Addedsectiononsummaryreportandsummaryreportrequirements.AddedreferencetoD5434onloggingofsubsurfaceinvestigations. (1)ScopeAdded1.2notapplicabletomarinetesting,refertoASTMSTP1014.Added1.3referencestodrillingandsamplingmethodsusedinconjunctiontoAdoptedSIunits.(2)AddedsectionReferencedDocumentsandreferredtorelatedstandards.(3)AddedTerminologypertinenttothestandard,definedpeakshearstress,strength,remoldedshearstrength,andsensitivity.(4)SummaryofMethodRemoveddiscussionabouttheeffectsofrodfrictionandinclination;movedthemtoapparatusandproceduresections.(5)SignificanceandUseAdded5.3Precautionthatfieldvanestrength,requirescorrectionforgeotechnicalanalysis.Added5.4onuseinsandandpartialdrainageprecautions.Added5.5ondrillingmethods,andhandvanes.(6)ApparatusFig.1—AddedBottomTaperedFieldVane.Fig.2—AddedVaneAreaRatio.RemovedTable1-providedarangeofallowabledimensionsforvaneblades(6.1).6.1.2addedcriteriaforsizeselection.6.1.3addedvanearearatioforallowablevanedimensions.6.1.4addedadvantageoftaperedvane.6.2addedinformationonthetorquemeasurementapparatus.6.2.2Addedsectiononhardcopyorcomputerrecords.6.3.1Movedsidethrustprecautionsfromsummaryofmethodtoapparatus/torquerodsarea.6.4Addedfrictioncoupling.6.5Addedsectiononcentralizers.6.6Addedsectiononadvancementequipment. 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