Debut (Björk album) - Wikipedia

Debut is the debut studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk as an international singer, released in July 1993 by One Little Indian and Elektra ... Debut(Björkalbum) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch 1993studioalbumbyBjörkDebutStudioalbumbyBjörkReleased5July1993Genre Alternativedance artpop electronicpop house Length48:26Label OneLittleIndian Elektra Producer NelleeHooper Björk Björkchronology Gling-Gló(1990) Debut(1993) TheBestMixesfromtheAlbumDebut...(1994) Björkstudioalbumchronology Debut(1993) Post(1995) SinglesfromDebut "HumanBehaviour"Released:June1993 "VenusasaBoy"Released:23August1993 "PlayDead"Released:11October1993[1] "BigTimeSensuality"Released:22November1993 "ViolentlyHappy"Released:7March1994[1] DebutisthedebutstudioalbumbyIcelandicrecordingartistBjörkasaninternationalsinger,[nb1]releasedinJuly1993byOneLittleIndianandElektraEntertainment.ItwasproducedbyBjörkandNelleeHooper.ItwasBjörk'sfirstrecordingfollowingthedissolutionofherpreviousband,theSugarcubes.Thealbumdepartedfromtherockstyleofherpreviousworkanddrewfromaneclecticvarietyofstyles,includingelectronicpop,housemusic,jazzandtriphop. DebutreceivedcriticalacclaimfromBritishmusiccritics,thoughUnitedStatesreviewsweremixed.Itexceededsalesexpectations,chartingatnumbertwoinIceland,threeintheUnitedKingdom,and61intheUS.ItwascertifiedgoldinCanadaandplatinumintheUS,whereitremainsBjörk'sbest-sellingalbum.[7] FivesingleswerereleasedfromDebut:"HumanBehaviour","VenusasaBoy","PlayDead","BigTimeSensuality"and"ViolentlyHappy".AllchartedintheUK,withonly"HumanBehaviour","ViolentlyHappy"and"BigTimeSensuality"chartingondanceandmodernrockchartsintheUS. Contents 1Backgroundandproduction 2Composition 2.1Songs 3Release 3.1Singles 4Criticalreception 5Legacy 5.1Accolades 6Tracklisting 7Personnel 7.1Musicians 7.2Technicalpersonnel 8Charts 8.1Weeklycharts 8.2Year-endcharts 9Certificationsandsales 10Notes 11References 11.1Bibliography 12Externallinks Backgroundandproduction[edit] BjörkperforminginJapanwiththeSugarcubes.DebutdepartedfromtherockmusicofBjörk'sformerbands. WhileperformingasthevocalistofIcelandicalternativerockgrouptheSugarcubes,BjörkapproachedÁsmundurJónssonofBadTasteandproducerDerekBirkettofOneLittleIndianRecordswithademocassetteofherownsongs.[8][9]ThedemoincludedversionsofsongsthatappearedonDebut,including"TheAnchorSong"and"Aeroplane".[9]AftertheSugarcubeswentonhiatus,BjörkmovedtoLondon,England,wheresheandBirkettworkedonthedetailsofwhatwouldbecomeDebut.[8]TheSugarcubes'musicdidnotfitBjörk'staste,andhercontactwithLondon'sundergroundclubcultureofthelate1980sandearly1990shelpedherfindherownmusicalidentity.[10]Shesaid:"Asamusicnerd,Ijusthadtofollowmyheart,andmyheartwasthosebeatsthatwerehappeninginEngland.AndmaybewhatI'munderstandingmoreandmoreasIgetolder,isthatmusiclikeKateBushhasreallyinfluencedme.BrianEno.Acid.Electronicbeats.LabelslikeWarp."[10] BjörkhadalreadywrittenhalfthesongsforDebutinsomeform,buthadnothingrecorded.[11]ShehadwrittenmanyofthemyearsbeforemovingtoLondon,including"HumanBehaviour",whichshewroteasateenager.[12]In2021,thesingerexplained:"Themelodyof['HumanBehaviour]'IwrotewhileIwasintheSugarcubes.Itwascalled"MarssinMinn"andneverkindagotcompleted.Isavedthatmelodythough,andwhenIwrotethelyricsfewyearslater,Ifeltthemelodyhadfoundamatch."[13]Shehadputasidethesongsas"Iwasinpunkbandsand[thesongs]weren'tpunk."[12]Withnoproducer,shecomposedsongswith808StatememberGrahamMasseyinafriend'shomeinManchester,whereshealsowrotesongsincludedonlateralbums,including"ArmyofMe"and"TheModernThings".[11] "IremembergoingtoManchester,and808Statetakingmearound,andmejustseeingthingsthatI'dneverseen-thatI'dhopedexisted.SoIwouldbeupuntilearlymorning...sometimesfromjusttheenthusiasmforthemusic." —BjörkrecallingherfascinationwithdancemusicaftergoingtoEngland.[14] WhilecreatingelectronictrackswithMassey,Björkdevelopedadesiretoworkwithajazzproducer.PaulFox,whohadworkedwiththeSugarcubes,introducedhertojazzharpistCorkyHale.[11]HalehadplannedtodeclinetoworkwithBjörkuntilherstepson,aSugarcubesfan,insistedthatshetakethejob.[11]BjörkrecordedahandfulofjazzstandardswithHale,including"IRememberYou"andanearlyversionof"LikeSomeoneinLove".[11]FoxalsointroducedBjörktoOliverLake,withwhomBjörkrecordedanotherjazzstandard,"LifeIsJustaBowlofCherries",withLake'sjazzgroupfortheJohnHughesfilmCurlySue.[15]Hughesturneddowntherecording,butitledtoDebutbeingproducedbyFoxandarrangedbyOliverLake.[16]BjörkcontractedLaketoworkwithsessionsaxophonistsinLondonforDebut;[16]Lake'scontributionsareheardontracksincluding"Aeroplane"and"TheAnchorSong".[16] Björkintendedtohaveseveralproducersworkonthealbum.[12]SheplannedtohavethealbumproducedwithFoxuntilshewasintroducedtoproducerNelleeHooperbyherboyfriendDominicThrupp.[17]HooperhadproducedalbumsbySoulIISoulandSinéadO'ConnorwhichmadeBjörkskepticalaboutworkingwithhim,stating:"IthoughtNelleewastoo'goodtaste'formyliking.ButthenImethim,gottoknowhim,[and]gottohearabouthisfabulousideas."[17][18]BjörkandHooper'srecordingideasweresimilar,whichledtoherdecisiontoendproductionwithMasseyandFox.[17]HooperintroducedBjörktostudiotechnologyandstudioprogrammerMariusdeVries,whogaveDebutamodernstylewithkeyboardsandsynthesizers.[19]Heproducedthefirsttentracksonthealbum,whileBjörkco-produced"LikeSomeoneinLove"withHooperandproduced"TheAnchorSong"alone.[20]BjörkandHooperspentmanysessionsinthestudioworkingonDebutuntilthealbumwasfinishedinearly1993.[21] Composition[edit] There'sMoretoLifeThanThis(0:30) "There'sMoretoLifeThanThis"fromDebut.Thesongfeaturesthemoreelectronic"four-on-the-floorhousegroove"soundofDebut.[18]whichwasrecordedliveinthetoiletsoftheMilkBarclubnight,London "HumanBehaviour"(0:30) ThefirstsinglefromDebutshowedadeparturefrompriorSugarcubes'sounds. Problemsplayingthesefiles?Seemediahelp. Debutdrawsonaneclecticvarietyofsources.[22]Treblezinedescribedthealbumas"[melding]alternativedanceandelectronicwithagracefulflow."[23]Itissaidthatthealbum"[shook]thestatusquo"ofthecontemporarymusicalclimate,inthesensethatitseclecticexperimentalpopleaningsdistanceditfromthemusic"primarilybeingmadebymenwithguitars"thatwaspopularatthetime,suchasgrungeandtheburgeoningbritpop.[24]MichaelCraggofTheGuardiandescribeditasan"indefinableconflationofelectronicpop,trip-hop,worldmusicandotherworldlylyrics".[25]AllMusicdescribedthealbumas"creative,tantalizingelectronicpop."[26]TheNewYorkTimeswrotethat"Debutoftenrecallstheearly'70sjazz-fusionofbandslikeWeatherReport.Butwherethesefusionistscombinedjazzharmonywithfunkandacidrock,Björkmarriesherscat-vocaleseandoff-kiltermelodieswiththefuturistictexturesandprogrammedpercussionoftoday'stechnoandacidhouse.[27]TheFace'sMandiJamesfeltDebutwas"adelightfulfusionofthrashmetal,jazz,funkandopera,withtheodddashofexoticathrowninforgoodmeasure."[28]Billboarddescribedthealbumas"anartpopmasterpiece".[29]BjörkalsotookinfluencefromthemusicofBollywoodand"thebuzzofLondonnightlife."[24] Debutincorporatesdancemusic,reflectingthecontemporarystylesofLondon'sclubculture,withwhichBjörkhadestablishedcloseties.[30]WhileelementsofsubgenressuchasEuro-house,acidjazz,worldbeatandIDMarepresent,"theyhadn'tyetbrokenfreefromtheprimalthumpoffour-on-the-floorhousemusic."[31]TomBreihanofStereogumwrotethat"evenasdancemusictookonallthesenewsounds,thatbasicpulsewasstillthemostimportantthingaboutit,andthatpulsereverberatesallthroughDebut."[31]Björksaid:"Alotofthesongsonmyrecordhavedancebeats,butIthinkthey'rebeatsthataremorereflectiveofdailylife—likelifeinthemiddleofthedayinacity,asopposedtothenightlifeoftheclubs."[32]Thefouronthefloorstyle,typicalofhousemusic,isevidentinsongssuchas"HumanBehaviour","Crying","BigTimeSensuality","There'sMoretoLifeThanThis"and"ViolentlyHappy".[19][33] Björkfelthousemusicwas"theonlypopmusicthat[was]trulymodern,"statingin1993thatitwas"theonlymusicwhereanythingcreativeishappeningtoday."[34]Herdeparturefromtheguitar-drivenrockofherpreviousworkstemmedfromthefeelingthatitwasoutdated,arguingthat"assoonasanyformbecomestraditional,liketheguitar,bassanddrums,thenpeoplestarttobehavetraditionally,"andthat"it'sreallydifficulttogetabandtostayontheedgeusingtypicalbass,guitaranddrumssetupbecauseittendstolapseintoapredictableform."[34]Beingafanofdancemusicsincetheearlydaysofacidhouse,sheuseditastheframeworkforhersongs.[34]ShetoldRollingStonethatshe"wasmoreinfluencedbyambientmusicthanwhatyou'dcalldancemusic,andbythingsthatwerehappeningwaybackinChicagoandDetroitthatweresensualanddaringandgroundbreakingintheirtime[...]Ninety-fivepercentofthedancemusicyouheartodayiscrap.It'sonlythatexperimentalfivepercentthatI'minto—therecordsthatgetplayedinclubsafter7o'clockinthemorning,whentheDJsareplayingstuffforthemselves,ratherthantryingtopleasepeople."[32]Björk'sembraceofEngland'sdanceculturealsoextendedtoherimage,consideredrepresentativeof1990sacidhousefashion.[35][36] HooperhadbeenamemberofBristol's"WildBunch",agroupthattookfromacidjazz,funkandhiphopandhelpedcreatetrip-hop.[37][38]Thelessdance-orientedelectronicDebuttrackshaveamoretrip-hopstylesound[22][39]anda"moredelicateatmosphere".[22]i-DnotedthatDebut—andBjörk'ssubsequentalbumPost—integrateambienttechnoandjungle,statingthatthey"couldn'thaveexistedwithoutAphexTwin,BlackDog,AGuyCalledGerald,LFOandalltheotherproducerswhoreshapedthelanguageofmusicsince1988."[30]Alsopresentareelementsofjazz,withWUOGstatingthat"whilemanyseeDebutasBjörk'sclubbiestalbum,itmayalsobeherjazziest."[40]BradShoupofStereogumwrotethat"thoughherelectronicbentgetsthemostattention,it'sherinterestinjazzthatcoursesthroughtheset."[41]TimPerlichofNowfeltDebut"bridgesjazzandpop",[42]andSimonReynoldscharacterizeditas"jazzylovesongstingedwithanoceanicfeeling."[27] Songs[edit] ThelyricsofDebutcontainthemesoflove.[27]Theyrangefrom"flesh-and-bloodpassion"foranotherpersontotheloveoflifeitself.[27]Accordingtoi-D,withacoupleofexceptions,thesongsofDebutfellintotwotypes:"thosewhereBjörkaddressedthelistenerassomeoneinpainandtoldthemfireworkswouldlighttheirnightsandallwouldbewell;"and"songswhereshesangaboutherownpain."[30]TheFacestatedthatthealbum'slyrics"[consolidated]herloveaffairwithlanguage,"[28]whileTheSundayTimesfeltthatBjörk"rigorously[avoided]theobvious"byusinglyricsthatdonotrhyme.[43] Thefirsttrack"HumanBehaviour"featuresa"bouncingriff"sampledfromAntônioCarlosJobim,with"itssyncopatedbeatconsignedtoavenerableorchestralinstrument,thetimpani."[44]ItslyricsrefertoBjörk'sexperienceasachild,findingthebehaviourofadults"ratherchaoticandnonsensical,"insteadfindingharmonywithotherchildren,natureandanimals.[45]InspiredbynaturalistDavidAttenborough,shesingsfromthepointofviewofananimal,[46]withitsopeninglinebeing"Ifyouevergetclosetoahuman/Andhumanbehaviour/Beready,bereadytogetconfused".[44]Followingtrack"Crying"showsacontradictionbetweenits"bubbly,shiny-surfacedaciddisco-pop"soundandlyricsthatdescribetheturmoiloffeelingalienatedinabigcity.[47]"VenusasaBoy"—consideredanambienttrackbyRollingStone—[32]reflectedBjörk'snewlyfoundinterestinBollywood,havingbefriendedpeopleofIndianorigininLondon,mostnotablytablaplayerTalvinSingh.[10]Inaspontaneousfashion,thesong'sstrings—andalsothoseof"CometoMe"—wererecordedbyafilmstudioorchestrainIndia,thankstoSingh.[10]ThelyricsofthetrackareaboutthesensitivityofherthenboyfriendDominicThrupp,withlyricsthathavebeendescribedas"sweetandjusttheslightestbitnaughty."[22][48]Inthedancefloor-oriented"There'sMoretoLifeThanThis",Björkleavesromancebehind,with"hermischievousside[coming]tothefore".[47]Itslyricswereinspiredbyapartysheattendedandpromptlyleft.[49]"LikeSomeoneinLove"isoneoftheseveraljazzstandardssherecordedwithCorkyHale,[47]withhervoice"cradledinharpandswoonystrings."[27] "LikeSomeoneinLove"isfollowedbythetechno-tinged"BigTimeSensuality"inan"intentionallystartling"leap.[24][47]An"anthemtoemotionalbravery,"itcontainslyricsdescribedas"simplebutpassionate",concerningBjörk'srelationshipwithherco-producerNelleeHooper.[50]Thesongs"TheAnchorSong","OneDay",and"Aeroplane"drawonwhatBjörkreferstoashermore"academic,cleverside".[39]"OneDay"alsopresentsasuddenshiftofmood,featuringa"gentlypulsingbass"thatbuildsintoan"itchilyimpassioned,houseypopeuphoria."[47]"Aeroplane"isoneofDebut'smostmusicallycomplicatedpieceswithoff-kilterarrangementfromOliverLake;[51]itsbackdropisinspiredbyexoticamusic.[22]ThissongisalsoaboutThrupp,writtenwhenhewaslivingintheUnitedKingdomandBjörkstilllivedinIceland.[51]"CometoMe"featuresa"hazymusicalbackdropofraindropsynths,paddeddrumsandsweepingstrings";[25]lyrically,itexploresa"sensuallyintenseneedtonurture."[47]"ViolentlyHappy"isthemosthardcoretechnotrackonthealbum.[47]Inthesong,over"briskhousebeats"Björksingsinastammeringfashion,asshe"strugglestoexpressfeelingsofexcitementsointensesheseemsonthebrinkofleapingoutofherskin."[27]Asagesturetoinexpressiblefeelings,thesongsamplesonesyllableand"[turns]itintoastutteringvocaltic."[27]Theclosingtrack"TheAnchorSong"istheonlyoneinthealbumsolelyproducedbyBjörk.Oneofthethreesongstoappearonherfirstdemocassetteof1990,itfeaturesOliverLakeplayingthesaxophone,inanarrangementthatreplicatedthe"ebbandtideofanocean'speakingtops,animagereinforcedbyBjörk'sfiercelypatrioticlyrics."[52] Release[edit] Debutwasreleasedon5July1993oncompactdiscandcassetteonOneLittleIndianRecordsintheUnitedKingdomand13July1993onElektraRecordsintheUnitedStates.[1][22][53]OneLittleIndianestimatedthatDebutwouldsellatotalof40,000copiesworldwidebasedonaguessoftheSugarcubesfanbaseatthetime.[54]However,withinthreemonthsofDebut'srelease,over600,000copieshadbeensoldworldwide.[55]Onthealbum'sinitialrelease,itchartedintheUnitedStates,peakingatnumberoneontheTopHeatseekerschartandatnumber61ontheBillboard200.[56]IntheUnitedKingdom,Debutenteredthechartson17July1993,peakingatnumberthreeandspending79weeksonthechart.[57]Debuthasbeenre-issuedseveraltimesindifferentformats.InNovember1993,thealbumwasre-issuedintheUnitedKingdomwiththebonustrack"PlayDead",asongwrittenforthefilmTheYoungAmericans,shortlyafterDebut'scompletion.[58]ThealbumwaslaterissuedonvinylandDualDiscformats.[22]TheJapaneseversionofDebutincludedtwobonustracks:"PlayDead"and"Atlantic".[59]TheDualDiscreleasefeaturedthefullalbumontheCDsidewhiletheDVDsideincludedthealbumwithsuperiorsoundqualityandthemusicvideosforthesingles.[60]On5May1994,TheCanadianRecordingIndustryAssociationcertifiedthatDebuthadsoldover50,000unitsmakingitaGoldrecordinCanada.[61]On31August2001,theRIAAcertifiedthatDebuthadsoldoveronemillionunitsmakingitaPlatinumrecordintheUnitedStates.[62]AsofJanuary2015,Debuthadsold930,000copiesintheUnitedStates,accordingtoNielsenSoundScan.[63]Worldwidesalesofthealbumstandat4.7millioncopies.[64] In1994,BjörkwassuedbySimonFisher,amusicianshecollaboratedwithin1990.Fisher'sclaimstatedthathehadco-written"HumanBehaviour","VenusasaBoy","Crying",and"Aeroplane"andsoughtdamagesofover£200,000.[65]HooperandBjörkwenttocourtwithFishershortlyafterthereleaseofBjörk'salbumPost.[66]JudgeRobinJacobfoundFisheronlyseekingcreditforonesonginsteadoffourandclearedHooperandBjörkofallchargesstatingthatFisher'schargesrenderedhim"unreliable,diffuse,andvague".[66] Singles[edit] In1993BjörkcontactedFrenchdirectorMichelGondrytocreateamusicvideofor"HumanBehaviour"afterseeingavideohemadeforhisownbandOuiOui.[67]"HumanBehaviour"wasthefirstsingletakenfromDebut,andwasissuedamonthbeforethealbum'sreleaseinJune1993.[1]ThreemoresingleswerereleasedfromDebutin1993."VenusasaBoy"wasthesecondsingle,releasedinAugustwithamusicvideodirectedbySophieMuller.[1][48]"PlayDead"wasreleasedinAugust1993asanon-albumsingle,thatwouldbeincludedonlaterreleasesofthealbum.[1]"PlayDead"hadanaccompanyingmusicvideodirectedbyDannyCannon.[12]Thefinalsinglereleasedin1993was"BigTimeSensuality"remixedbyFlukewithamusicvideobyStéphaneSednaoui.[1][12]Afurthersingle,"ViolentlyHappy",wasreleasedinMarch1994withanaccompanyingvideobyJean-BaptisteMondino.[1]AllfivesinglesfromDebutchartedwithinthetop40oftheUKSinglesChartwhileonly"HumanBehaviour","ViolentlyHappy"and"BigTimeSensuality"chartedontheUSBillboardcharts.[57][68] Criticalreception[edit] ProfessionalratingsReviewscoresSourceRatingAllMusic[22]EntertainmentWeeklyC[69]LosAngelesTimes[70]NME9/10[71]ThePhiladelphiaInquirer[72]Q[73]RollingStone[74]TheRollingStoneAlbumGuide[75]Select4/5[76]SpinAlternativeRecordGuide9/10[77] Atthe1994GrammyAwards,MichelGondry'smusicvideofor"HumanBehavior"wasnominatedforBestShortFormMusicVideo,butlosttoStephenJohnson'svideoforthePeterGabrielsong"Steam".[78][79]Atthe1994BritAwards,Björkwonawardsfor"BestNewcomer"and"BestInternationalFemale".[80] CriticalreactiontoDebutwasgenerallypositive.TheBritishmusicpressspokepositivelyaboutthealbum,withQgivingitfouroutoffivestarscallingit"asurprising,playfulcollection"whiletheNMEwrotethatDebutwas"analbumthatbelievesmusiccanbemagicalandspecial."[71][73]TheIndependentgaveDebutafavorablereviewnotingthatBjörkhad"fashionedanamazingarrayofcontrastingarrangements,whosemusicaldiversityneverinterfereswiththeirclarityofvision."[81]Americanreceptionwasmoremixed.Musicianmagazinepraisedthevocalsofthealbum,stating"whatmakes[Björk's]singingmemorableisn'ttheoddassortmentofgrowls,moansandchirpsshereliesupon,buttheemotionsthosesoundsconvey."[82]TheNewYorkTimesdescribedDebutas"anenchantingalbum".[27] AmericancriticRobertChristgaugavethealbuma"neither"rating,indicatinganalbumthat"mayimpressonceortwicewithconsistentcraftoranarrestingtrackortwo.Thenitwon't".[83][84]AnegativereviewcamefromRollingStone,whogavethealbumtwostarsoutoffive,labellingthealbum"utterlydisappointing"andblamingproducerNelleeHooper,suggestinghe"sabotagedaferociouslyiconoclastictalentwithaphalanxofcheapelectronicgimmickry."[74]MicheleRomeroofEntertainmentWeeklygavethealbumaC,saying,"Onafewsongs,[Björk's]breathymewlisapleasantcontrasttothemechanicaldroneofSugarcube-liketechno-tunes.ButmostofDebutsoundsannoyinglylikethemonotonousplinkingofaderangedmusicbox.Winditupifyoulike–eventuallyitwillstop."[69]DebutratedhighlyinBritishendofyearpolls.TheNMErankedDebutatnumberoneontheirlistof"Top50LPsof1993".[85]MelodyMakerplacedthealbumatnumbersixontheirlistof"AlbumsoftheYearfor1993"callingit"afantasticdebut".[86]In1994,Qincludedthealbumontheirlistfortopfiftyalbumsof1993.[87]In2000itwasvotednumber77inColinLarkin'sAllTimeTop1000Albums.[88]Björkreactedtothepositivereviewshesitantly,statingthatifshe'd"deliveredexactlythesamealbumandIcamefromNottingham,I'dhavegotcompletelydifferentreviews,normaldown-to-earthones"andthatDebut"wasabitofarehearsalandit'sreallynotthatgood.Icandomuchbetter."[89] Laterreceptionwasalsopositive.InSpinmagazine'salternativerecordguide,thealbumreceivedaratingofnineoutoftenstatingthatthechoiceofNelleeHooperasproducerwasa"strokeofgenius"andBjörk'svocalswere"awe-inspiring".[77]HeatherPharesofAllMusicgavethealbumafive-starrating,statingthatDebutis"Possiblyherprettiestwork,Björk'shorizonsexpandedonherotherreleases,butthealbumstillsoundsfresh,whichisevenmoreimpressiveconsideringelectronicmusic'swhiplash-speedinnovations."[22] Legacy[edit] "Ifthepointofadebutalbumistosetoutanartist'sstallandtolaythefoundationsforwhat'stocomethenDebutdoesthisbetterthananyalbuminrecentmemory.It'sanalbumwhoseinfluenceisstillfeltanytimeelectronicinstrumentationisfusedwithfolkorjazz,orwheneveranewfemalesingerisdescribedas"kooky"or"refreshing"." —MichaelCragg,TheGuardian,2013.[24] Debutiswidelyregardedasoneofthegreatestalbumsof1993andthe1990singeneral.[90]AccordingtoNME,itturned"anidiosyncraticvocalistfromafetedcultbandintoasignificantglobalpopstar".[91]In2013,JohnHamiltonofIdolatorcalledthealbum"highlyinfluential",andwrote"inspiteofitsadvancingage,Debut'sfuturismhasagedexquisitely."[92]Thealbumhasalsobeencreditedasoneofthefirstalbumstointroduceelectronicmusicintomainstreampop.[31][92]Stereogum'sTomBreihanwrote:"Housemusicdidn'tquitehavecriticalrespectbeforeBjörkcamealong,andplentyofAmericanwritersdidn'tknowwhattomakeofthesoundofDebutwhenitcameout.[...]Debutdidn'tjustestablishBjörk;ithelpedmakesoundslikethatcooltoasegmentofthemusic-dorkuniversethatmight'veremaineddeaftoitscharmsotherwise.Atthispoint,it'svirtuallyimpossibletoimagineabigpublicationslamminganadventurousdance-popalbumfor"cheapelectronicgimmickry,"[nb2]andDebutisabigpartofthatchange."[31]Björk'sembraceofEngland'sdanceculturealsoextendedtoherlooks,herstyleatthetimeconsideredrepresentativeof1990sacidhousefashion.[35][36]Celebratingthealbum'stwenty-yearanniversary,EmilyMackayofNMEwrotethealbum"putthelietothepost-grungeassumptionthatheartfelt,passionatesoloartistrycameintheformofacousticguitarandheartbreak,creatinganewbreedofsinger-songwriter."[47]Dubbingitan"influentialmasterpiece",shefoundinfluencesofthealbumintheworkofmusicianssuchasM.I.A.,Grimes,TheseNewPuritansandTune-Yards,writing:"It'sinfascinatinglyindividualartistslikethosethatyou'llfind[Björk's]influence–not,asmanywouldhaveyoubelieve,ineverypretty-facedgirlwithabigvoice."[47]Mackayalsonotedthatthealbum'slegacyechoesthroughdance-popartistslikeLadyGagaandRobyn.[47] In2013,MichaelCraggofTheGuardianwrotethat"twodecadesafteritsrelease,theIcelandicartist'sfirstalbumhasneversoundedmorerelevant."[24]HearguedthatDebut"reconstructedpopmusic",alsowritingthat"whilepopin2013looksbacktotheearly90sforinspiration,Björk'sabilityonDebuttoinnovatebyusingdisparategenreswithoutlosingasenseofherownidentityshouldbetheblueprintforanynewartistwithdesirestobreakthemould."[24]Inthealbum'sentryintheirlistof"The500GreatestAlbumsofAllTime"—wherethealbumwasincludedatnumber46—,NMEclaimedthat"Debutachievedtheremarkablefeatofturninganidiosyncraticvocalistfromafetedcultbandintoasignificantglobalpopstar,withoutlosingoneiotaoftheexperimentalmindsetandcreativecoolthatmadehersospecial."[93]In2005,Björkstatedthatshethoughtthealbumwasnotasstrongasherlaterworks:"It'shardtojudgeyourselfbutIdon'tthink[DebutandPostare]mybest.Debutwasthealbumthatwentthehighestupthereintermsofwhatis'Bjorkmusic'.ButIthinkthatthepersonaIcreated,whichwasentirelyaccidental,isbettercapturedonthelateralbums."[94] Accolades[edit] TheinformationregardingaccoladesattributedtoDebutisadaptedfromAcclaimedMusic,exceptwhereotherwisenoted.[90] Publication Country Accolade Year Rank AlternativePress UnitedStates The90GreatestAlbumsofthe90s 1998 31 Amazon.com The10BestAlbumsbyDecade 1999 10 MusicUnderwater Top100Albums1990–2003 2004 97 Out The100Greatest,GayestAlbums 2008 63 Pause&Play The90sTop100EssentialAlbums 1999 11 RobertDimery 1001AlbumsYouMustHearBeforeYouDie[95] 2005 * SlantMagazine The100BestAlbumsofthe1990s(2011) 2011 29 Spin The125BestAlbumsofthePast25Years 2010 33 TomMoon 1,000RecordingstoHearBeforeYouDie 2008 * Treble Top100Albumsofthe90s(10perYear) 2008 4 Channel4 UnitedKingdom 125Nominationsforthe100GreatestAlbums 2005 * ElvisCostello 500AlbumsYouNeed 2000 * TheFace AlbumsoftheYear 1993 1 GaryMulholland 261GreatestAlbumsSincePunkandDisco 2006 * MelodyMaker AlbumsoftheYear 1993 6 Mixmag The100BestDanceAlbumsofAllTime 1996 3 Mojo TheMojoCollection:TheGreatestAlbumsofAllTime...andHowTheyHappened 2003 * Muzik Top50DanceAlbumsofAllTime 2002 32 NME AlbumsoftheYear 1993 1 NMERockYears,AlbumsoftheYear1963–99 2000 * NME'sThe500GreatestAlbumsofAllTime 2013 46 NoRipcord TopAlbums1990–1999 2013 44 PaulMorley WordsandMusic,5x100GreatestAlbumsofAllTime 2003 * Q AlbumsoftheYear 1993 * InOurLifetime:Q's100BestAlbums1986–94 1995 * 90Albumsofthe90s 1999 * Select AlbumsoftheYear 1993 7 The100BestAlbumsofthe90s 1996 26 Vox AlbumsoftheYear 1993 6 TheWire RecordsoftheYear[96] 1993 1 HelsinginSanomat Finland 50thAnniversaryofRock 2004 * Panorama Norway The30BestAlbumsoftheYear1970–98 1999 4 Platekompaniet Top100AlbumsofAllTime 2001 96 Pop Sweden AlbumsoftheYear 1993 1 TheWorld's100BestAlbums+300Complements 1994 92 Intro Germany AlbumsoftheYear 1993 1 MusikExpress AlbumsoftheYear 1993 43 The50BestAlbumsofthe90s 2005 14 RollingStone The500BestAlbumsofAllTime 2004 492 Spex AlbumsoftheYear 1993 18 Visions TheBestAlbums1991–96 1996 * TheMostImportantAlbumsofthe90s 1999 42 Zundfunk TheBestAlbumsofthe90s 2000 30 LesInrockuptibles France AlbumsoftheYear 1993 13 The100BestAlbums1986–1996 1996 19 Rock&Folk AlbumsoftheYear 1993 9 TheBestAlbumsfrom1963to1999 1999 * Technikart 50AlbumsfromtheLast10Years 1997 * Trax The50BestTechnoAlbums1989–1999 1999 * Dancedelux Spain The50BestElectronicRecordsof1985–2005 2005 14 Iguana AlbumsoftheYear 1993 1 The25BestAlbumsofthe90's 2000 * PlásticosyDecibelios The80BestAlbumsofAllTime 2000 67 Rockdelux AlbumsoftheYear 1993 3 The150BestAlbumsfromthe90s 2000 6 The200BestAlbumsofAllTime 2002 146 (*)designatesliststhatareunordered. Tracklisting[edit] Debut —StandardeditionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."HumanBehaviour" Björk NelleeHooper NelleeHooper4:082."Crying" Björk Hooper Hooper4:493."VenusasaBoy" Björk Hooper4:404."There'sMoretoLifeThanThis"(RecordedLiveattheMilkBarToilets) Björk Hooper Hooper3:195."LikeSomeoneinLove" JohnnyBurke JimmyVanHeusen Björk Hooper 4:306."BigTimeSensuality" Björk Hooper Hooper4:007."OneDay" Björk Hooper5:268."Aeroplane" Björk Hooper3:509."CometoMe" Björk Hooper4:5710."ViolentlyHappy" Björk Hooper Hooper5:0211."TheAnchorSong" Björk Björk3:22Totallength:48:26 Debut —JapaneseeditionbonustrackNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12."Atlantic"BjörkBjörk1:59Totallength:50:25 Debut —Reissuededition[97]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12."PlayDead" Björk DavidArnold JahWobble Arnold DannyCannon TimSimenon[a] 3:56Totallength:52:22 Debut —JapanesereissuededitionbonustracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length12."Atlantic"BjörkBjörk1:5613."PlayDead" Björk Arnold Wobble Arnold Cannon Simenon[a] 3:45Totallength:54:18 Notes[20] "HumanBehaviour"containsasamplefrom"GoDownDying"writtenbyAntônioCarlosJobim. ^asignifiesanadditionalproducer Personnel[edit] Musicians[edit] Björk–leadvocals,arranger,programmer,basslines,keyboards,brassprogramming GarryHughes–keyboards,Hammondorgan,programming OliverLake–musicarranger,reeds CorkyHale–harp GaryBarnacle–brass MariusdeVries–keyboards,programming NelleeHooper–percussion,drums LuísJardim–bass,percussion,drums TalvinSingh–director,tabla BruceSmith–percussion,drums MartinVirgo–keyboards,programming PaulWaller–keyboards,programming JonMallison–guitar MikeMower–brass JhelisaAnderson–backingvocals Technicalpersonnel[edit] Björk–producer PaulCorkett–engineer NelleeHooper–producer,engineer HowieB–engineer HugoNicolson–engineer BrianPugsley–engineer AlStone–engineer MarkWarner–assistantengineer PaulWertheimer–engineer GoetzBotzenhardt–assistantengineer JimAbbiss–engineer DaveBurnham–engineer Jean-BaptisteMondino–photography PeteLewis–assistantengineer JonMallison–assistantengineer MikeMarsh–mastering TimDickenson–assistantengineer AndyBradford–assistantengineer Oggy–assistantengineer H.Shalleh–engineer Charts[edit] Weeklycharts[edit] WeeklychartperformanceforDebut Chart(1993–1994) Peakposition AustralianAlbums(ARIA)[98] 10 AustrianAlbums(Ö3Austria)[99] 27 CanadaTopAlbums/CDs(RPM)[100] 40 DutchAlbums(AlbumTop100)[101] 5 EuropeanAlbums(Music&Media)[102] 5 FinnishAlbums(Suomenvirallinenlista)[103] 8 FrenchAlbums(IFOP)[104] 16 GermanAlbums(OffizielleTop100)[105] 24 HungarianAlbums(MAHASZ)[106] 40 IcelandicAlbums(Tónlist)[107] 2 IrishAlbums(IFPI)[108] 9 JapaneseAlbums(Oricon)[109] 65 NewZealandAlbums(RMNZ)[110] 5 NorwegianAlbums(VG-lista)[111] 9 ScottishAlbums(OCC)[112] 6 SpanishAlbums(AFYVE)[113] 32 SwedishAlbums(Sverigetopplistan)[114] 2 SwissAlbums(SchweizerHitparade)[115] 18 UKAlbums(OCC)[116] 3 USBillboard200[117] 61 USHeatseekersAlbums(Billboard)[118] 1 Year-endcharts[edit] 1993year-endchartperformanceforDebut Chart(1993) Position UKAlbums(OCC)[119] 29 1994year-endchartperformanceforDebut Chart(1994) Position DutchAlbums(AlbumTop100)[120] 38 EuropeanAlbums(Music&Media)[121] 21 GermanAlbums(OffizielleTop100)[122] 65 UKAlbums(OCC)[123] 37 1995year-endchartperformanceforDebut Chart(1995) Position UKAlbums(OCC)[124] 310 Certificationsandsales[edit] CertificationsandsalesforDebut Region Certification Certifiedunits/sales Australia(ARIA)[125] Platinum 70,000^ Canada(MusicCanada)[61] Gold 50,000^ Japan — 15,200[126] Netherlands(NVPI)[127] Platinum 100,000^ NewZealand(RMNZ)[128] Gold 7,500^ Norway(IFPINorway)[129] Gold 25,000* Spain(PROMUSICAE)[130] Gold 50,000^ Sweden(GLF)[131] Platinum 100,000^ Switzerland(IFPISwitzerland)[132] Gold 25,000^ UnitedKingdom(BPI)[133] 2×Platinum 600,000^ UnitedStates(RIAA)[62] Platinum 1,000,000^ Summaries Worldwide — 4,700,000[64] *Salesfiguresbasedoncertificationalone.^Shipmentsfiguresbasedoncertificationalone. Notes[edit] ^Debutisofficiallyconsideredtobethefirstsoloalbumbybothlabelandartist,whosaid"Myfirstalbumdidn'tcomeoutuntilIwas27".[2][3][4]However,technicallythisisthesecondsoloalbumiftobearinmindher1977juveniliarelease.SomesourcesconsiderDebutasthethird,countinginher1990jazzoutputGling-Gló.[5][6] ^ReferringtoTomGraves'RollingStonereviewof1993:"ProducerNelleeHooper(SinéadO'Connor,SoulIISoul)hassabotagedaferociouslyiconoclastictalentwithaphalanxofcheapelectronicgimmickry."[74] References[edit] ^abcdefghStrong1998,pp. 69–70 ^"Björk"(Pressrelease).ElektraEntertainment.May1995.Retrieved6April2016.Debut,herfirstinternationalsoloalbum ^"Björk-Icelandicmusician".EncyclopædiaBritannica.Retrieved6April2016. ^"Stillsolvingriddles".TheEconomist.22November2011.Retrieved6April2016. ^"Björk'sbrilliantDebutbridgesJazzandPop".Nowmagazine.1November1993.Retrieved6April2016. ^"ThesecrethistoryofBjörk".RecordCollector#175.29March1994.Retrieved6April2016. ^Caulfield,Keith(29January2015)."Bjork'sRush-ReleasedAlbumDebutsinTop20onBillboard200".Billboard.Retrieved29January2015. ^abPytlik2003,p. 63 ^abPytlik2003,p. 52 ^abcdGuzmán,Isaac(5March2015)."BjörkIsYourTourGuide:AnExclusiveTIMEInterviewforHerMOMARetrospective".Time.Retrieved25April2015. ^abcdePytlik2003,p. 64 ^abcde"björk:albums:Debut".bjork.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14May2011.Retrieved5June2009. ^"scorestories8".BjörkonInstagram.24October2021.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26December2021.Retrieved29October2021. ^Allen,Liam(28July2011)."BjorkonBiophiliaandherdebttoUKdancemusic".BBCNews.Retrieved5August2015. ^Pytlik2003,p. 65 ^abcPytlik2003,p. 66 ^abcPytlik2003,p. 67 ^ab2000,p. 211harvnberror:notarget:CITEREF2000(help) ^ab2005,p. 105harvnberror:notarget:CITEREF2005(help) ^abDebut(CDliner).Björk.OneLittleIndian.1993.TPLP31dual.CS1maint:othersinciteAVmedia(notes)(link) ^Pytlik2003,p. 68 ^abcdefghiPhares,Heather."Debut–Björk".AllMusic.Retrieved5June2009. 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^Wood,Sam(10August1993)."Björk:Debut(Elektra)".ThePhiladelphiaInquirer. ^ab"Björk:Debut".Q.No. 82.July1993.p. 85. ^abcGraves,Tom(2September1993)."Debut".RollingStone.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3May2008.Retrieved5June2009. ^Wolk,Douglas(2004)."Björk".InBrackett,Nathan;Hoard,Christian(eds.).TheNewRollingStoneAlbumGuide(4th ed.).Simon&Schuster.pp. 73–74.ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^Perry,Andrew(July1993)."ThedivineMsGudmundsdottir".Select.No. 37.p. 89. ^abWeisbard&Marks1995,p. 381 ^"GrammyAwardNominations".Billboard.15January1994.p. 67.Retrieved6July2009. ^"Bjork".GrammyAwards.15December2020. ^Pytlik2003,p. 79 ^Thompson,Ben(11July1993)."Records/NewReleases".TheIndependent.Retrieved7June2009. ^Musician:90.July1993."...whatmakeshersingingmemorableisn'ttheoddassortmentofgrowls,moansandchirpsshereliesupon,buttheemotionsthosesoundsconvey..." ^Christgau,Robert."CG:Björk".RobertChristgau.com.Retrieved12June2009. ^Christgau,Robert."RobertChristgau:CG90s:KeytoIcons".RobertChristgau.Retrieved7July2009. ^NME:66.25December1993."RankedNo.1inNewMusicalExpress'listofthe'Top50LPsof1993'–"Debutisamusicaltreasurechestoforganictechnobeats,twinklyjazzserenadesandotherworldlynurseryrhymes,disregardingcategoriesand[displaying]abewitchingfaithinpop'sabilitytochallenge..."" ^MelodyMaker:76.1January1994."RankedNo.6inMelodyMaker'slistof'AlbumsoftheYear'for1993 –"afantasticDebut"" ^Q:85.January1994."IncludedinQ'slistof'The50BestAlbumsof1993' –"...analbumoftantalisingcontrasts....managestobebubbly,exhilarating,brazenlydance-orientedandsatisfyingallatonce..."" ^ColinLarkin(2000).AllTimeTop1000Albums(3rd ed.).VirginBooks.p. 67.ISBN 0-7535-0493-6. ^Pytlik2003,p. 78 ^abAcclaimedMusic–DebutArchived22September2015attheWaybackMachine.AcclaimedMusic.Retrievedon26July2015. ^"46.Bjork,'Debut'(1993).The500GreatestAlbumsOfAllTime:100-1".NME.25October2013.Retrieved3March2016. ^abHamilton,John(12July2013)."Bjork's'Debut'Turns20:Backtracking".Idolator.Retrieved13February2016. 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^Pennanen,Timo(2006).Sisältäähitin–levytjaesittäjätSuomenmusiikkilistoillavuodesta1972(inFinnish)(1st ed.).Helsinki:KustannusosakeyhtiöOtava.ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5. ^"LeDétaildesAlbumsdechaqueArtiste".InfoDisc(inFrench).Retrieved13July2021.Select"BJORK"fromthedrop-downmenuandclick"OK". ^"Offiziellecharts.de–Björk–Debut"(inGerman).GfKEntertainmentCharts.Retrieved30May2017. ^"AlbumTop40slágerlista–1994.20.hét"(inHungarian).MAHASZ.Retrieved30May2017. ^"Tónlist–Ísland(LP/CD)".DV(inIcelandic).1July1993.p. 20.ISSN 1021-8254–viaTimarit.is. ^"Top10SalesinEurope"(PDF).Music&Media.Vol. 11no. 8.19February1994.p. 14.OCLC 29800226–viaWorldRadioHistory. ^ビョークのアルバム売り上げランキング[Björk'salbumsalesranking](inJapanese).Oricon.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14May2013.Retrieved13July2021. ^"Charts.nz–Björk–Debut".HungMedien.Retrieved30May2017. ^"Norwegiancharts.com–Björk–Debut".HungMedien.Retrieved30May2017. ^"OfficialScottishAlbumsChartTop100".OfficialChartsCompany.Retrieved30May2017. 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Bibliography[edit] Pytlik,Mark(2003).Björk:WowandFlutter.ECWPress.ISBN 1-55022-556-1. Strong,M.C.(1998).TheGreatRockDiscography.Giunti.ISBN 88-09-21522-2. Taylor,Steve(2006).AtoXofAlternativeMusic.ContinuumInternationalPublishingGroup.ISBN 0-8264-8217-1. Weisbard,Eric;Marks,Craig,eds.(1995).SpinAlternativeRecordGuide.VintageBooks.ISBN 0-679-75574-8. Whiteley,Sheila(2000).WomenandPopularMusic:Sexuality,Identity,andSubjectivity.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-21190-5. Whiteley,Sheila(2005).TooMuchTooYoung:Popularmusic,ageandGender.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-31028-8. Externallinks[edit] Debutlyricsonofficialwebsite DebutatDiscogs(listofreleases) Debutstatistics,taggingandpreviewsatLast.FM DebutatRateYourMusic Debutminiwebsite vteBjörk Awards Discography Liveperformances Songs Videography Studioalbums Debut Post Homogenic Vespertine Medúlla Volta Biophilia Vulnicura Utopia Soundtracks Selmasongs DrawingRestraint9 Compilations GreatestHits Remixalbums TheBestMixesfromtheAlbumDebutforAllthePeopleWhoDon'tBuyWhiteLabels Telegram ArmyofMe:RemixesandCovers Bastards VulnicuraStrings Livealbums DebutLive PostLive HomogenicLive VespertineLive Voltaïc Björk:BiophiliaLive VulnicuraLive Boxsets FamilyTree LiveBox Surrounded Voltaïc Videoalbums Vessel LiveatShepherdsBushEmpire Volumen LiveinCambridge MTVUnplugged/Live LiveatRoyalOperaHouse VolumenPlus LaterwithJoolsHolland TheMedúllaVideos Björk:BiophiliaLive Documentaries InsideBjörk Minuscule TheInnerorDeepPartofanAnimalorPlantStructure WhenBjörkMetAttenborough Collaborationalbums Gling-Gló MountWittenbergOrca CountryCreatures Otherrecordings Björk(1977) Concerttours DebutTour VespertineWorldTour GreatestHitsTour VoltaTour BiophiliaTour VulnicuraTour UtopiaTour Cornucopia BjörkOrkestral One-offshows MTVUnplugged(1994) AttheUnionChapel(1999) HousingWorks(2009) Books UmÚrnatfráBjörk Björk Björk:Archives 34ScoresforPiano,Organ,HarpsichordandCeleste Bands TappiTíkarrass Kukl TheElgarSisters TheSugarcubes BjörkGuðmundsdóttir&tríóGuðmundarIngólfssonar Relatedarticles ATributetoJoniMitchell Björk(exhibition) BjörkDigital Enjoyed:ATributetoBjörk'sPost ex:el MatthewBarney RicardoLópez StormyWeather Swandress ThePowersThatB Category Portal:1990s Authoritycontrol MusicBrainzreleasegroup Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debut_(Björk_album)&oldid=1062185591" Categories:1993albumsAlbumsproducedbyBjörkAlbumsproducedbyNelleeHooperAlternativedancealbumsBjörkalbumsElectropopalbumsElektraRecordsalbumsOneLittleIndependentRecordsalbumsHiddencategories:HarvandSfnno-targeterrorsCS1maint:othersinciteAVmedia(notes)CS1Spanish-languagesources(es)WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1Finnish-languagesources(fi)CS1French-languagesources(fr)CS1Icelandic-languagesources(is)CS1usesJapanese-languagescript(ja)CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)CS1Polish-languagesources(pl)CS1Dutch-languagesources(nl)CS1German-languagesources(de)CS1Norwegian-languagesources(no)CS1Swedish-languagesources(sv)UsedmydatesfromSeptember2020GoodarticlesArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithhAudiomicroformatsAlbumchartusagesforAustraliaAlbumchartusagesforAustriaAlbumchartusagesforCanadaAlbumchartusagesforNetherlandsAlbumchartusagesforGermany4AlbumchartusagesforHungaryAlbumchartusagesforNewZealandAlbumchartusagesforNorwayAlbumchartusagesforScotlandAlbumchartusagesforSwedenAlbumchartusagesforSwitzerlandAlbumchartusagesforUK2AlbumchartusagesforBillboard200AlbumchartusagesforBillboardHeatseekersCertificationTableEntryusagesforAustraliaPagesusingcertificationTableEntrywithshipmentsfiguresCertificationTableEntryusagesforCanadaCertificationTableEntryusagesforJapanPagesusingcertificationTableEntrywithoutcertificationCertificationTableEntryusagesforNetherlandsCertificationTableEntryusagesforNewZealandCertificationTableEntryusagesforNorwayPagesusingcertificationTableEntrywithsalesfiguresCertificationTableEntryusagesforSpainCertificationTableEntryusagesforSwedenCertificationTableEntryusagesforSwitzerlandCertificationTableEntryusagesforUnitedKingdomCertificationTableEntryusagesforUnitedStatesCertificationTableEntryusagesforunsupportedregionPagesusingcertificationTableEntrywithsalesfootnotePagesusingcertificationTableEntrywithshipmentsfootnoteOfficialwebsitedifferentinWikidataandWikipediaArticleswithMusicBrainzreleasegroupidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages DeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoFrançais한국어ItalianoעבריתქართულიMagyarBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaTürkçeTiếngViệt Editlinks