Qualcomm - Wikipedia

Qualcomm is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, ... Number of employees. 45,000 (2021). Subsidiaries · Airgo Networks · CSR plc · Ikanos Communications; Nuvia; Qualcomm Atheros · SiRF. Website, qualcomm.com. Qualcomm FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanglobalsemiconductorcompany QualcommIncorporatedHeadquartersinSanDiego,CaliforniaTypePublicTradedasNasdaq: QCOMNasdaq-100componentS&P100componentS&P500componentIndustryTelecomsequipmentsSemiconductorsFoundedJuly 1985;37 yearsago (1985-07)FoundersIrwinJacobsAndrewViterbiFranklinP.AntonioHeadquartersSanDiego,California,U.S.AreaservedWorldwideKeypeopleCristianoAmon(CEO)MarkD.McLaughlin(chairman)ProductsCDMA/WCDMAchipsets,Snapdragon,BREW,OmniTRACS,MediaFLO,QChat,mirasoldisplays,uiOne,Gobi,Qizx,CPURevenueUS$33.57billion(2021)OperatingincomeUS$9.79billion(2021)NetincomeUS$9.04billion(2021)TotalassetsUS$41.24billion(2021)TotalequityUS$9.95billion(2021)Numberofemployees45,000(2021)SubsidiariesAirgoNetworksCSRplcIkanosCommunicationsNuviaQualcommAtherosSiRFWebsitequalcomm.comFootnotes /references[1] Qualcomm(/ˈkwɒlkɒm/)[2]isanAmericanmultinationalcorporationheadquarteredinSanDiego,California,andincorporatedinDelaware.[3]Itcreatessemiconductors,software,andservicesrelatedtowirelesstechnology.Itownspatentscriticaltothe5G,[4]4G,[4]CDMA2000,TD-SCDMAandWCDMAmobilecommunicationsstandards. Qualcommwasestablishedin1985byIrwinM.Jacobsandsixotherco-founders.ItsearlyresearchintoCDMAwirelesscellphonetechnologywasfundedbysellingatwo-waymobiledigitalsatellitecommunicationssystemknownasOmnitracs.Afteraheateddebateinthewirelessindustry,the2GstandardwasadoptedwithQualcomm'sCDMApatentsincorporated.[5]Afterwardstherewasaseriesoflegaldisputesaboutpricingforlicensingpatentsrequiredbythestandard. Overtheyears,Qualcommhasexpandedintosellingsemiconductorproductsinapredominantlyfablessmanufacturingmodel.Italsodevelopedsemiconductorcomponentsorsoftwareforvehicles,watches,laptops,wi-fi,smartphones,andotherdevices. Contents 1History 1.1Earlyhistory 1.21990–2015 1.32015–present:NXP,BroadcomandNUVIA 2WirelessCDMA 2.12G 2.1.1Earlyhistory 2.1.2Holywarsofwireless 2.1.3International 2.1.4Manufacturing 2.23G 2.34G 2.45G 3Softwareandothertechnology 3.1Earlysoftware 3.2Othertechnology 3.3Developmentssince2016 4Patentsandpatentdisputes 4.1Broadcom 4.2NokiaandProjectStockholm 4.3Recentdisputes 4.4Apple 4.5FederalTradeCommission 5Operationsandmarket-share 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks History[edit] Earlyhistory[edit] QualcommwascreatedinJuly1985[6][5]bysevenformerLinkabitemployeesledbyIrwinJacobs.[7]ThecompanywasnamedQualcommfor"QUALityCOMMunications".[8]Itstartedasacontractresearchanddevelopmentcenter[9]largelyforgovernmentanddefenseprojects.[7][10] QualcommmergedwithOmninetin1988andraised$3.5millioninfundinginordertoproducetheOmnitracssatellitecommunicationssystemfortruckingcompanies.[7]Qualcommgrewfromeightemployeesin1986to620employeesin1991,duetodemandforOmnitracs.[11]By1989,Qualcommhad$32millioninrevenue,50percentofwhichwasfromanOmnitracscontractwithSchneiderNational.[7][12]OmnitracsprofitshelpedfundQualcomm'sresearchanddevelopmentintocode-divisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)technologiesforcellphonenetworks.[9][13] 1990–2015[edit] Qualcommwasoperatingatalossinthe1990sduetoitsinvestmentinCDMAresearch.[9][13]Toobtainfunding,thecompanyfiledaninitialpublicofferinginSeptember1991[14]raising$68million.[7]Anadditional$486millionwasraisedin1995throughthesaleof11.5millionmoreshares.ThesecondfundingroundwasdonetoraisemoneyforthemassmanufacturingofCDMA-basedphones,base-stations,andequipment,aftermostUS-basedcellularnetworksannouncedtheywouldadopttheCDMAstandard.[9]Thecompanyhad$383millioninannualrevenuein1995[15]and$814millionby1996.[16] In1998,Qualcommwasrestructured,leadingtoa700-employeelayoff.Itsbasestationandcell-phonemanufacturingbusinesseswerespun-offinordertofocusonitshigher-marginpatentsandchipsetbusinesses.[7][9]: 310–311 Sincethebasestationdivisionwaslosing$400Mayear(havingneversoldanotherbasestationaftermakingits10thsale),profitsskyrocketedinthefollowingyear,andQualcommwasthefastestgrowingstockonthemarketwitha2,621percentgrowthoveroneyear.[17][18][19]By2000,Qualcommhadgrownto6,300employees,$3.2billioninrevenues,and$670millioninprofit.39percentofitssaleswerefromCDMAtechnology,followedbylicensing(22%),wireless(22%),andotherproducts(17%).[9]Aroundthistime,QualcommestablishedofficesinEurope,AsiaPacific,andLatinAmerica.[9]: 316 By2001,65percentofQualcomm'srevenuesoriginatedfromoutsidetheUnitedStateswith35percentcomingfromSouthKorea.[9]: 19  In2005,PaulE.Jacobs,sonofQualcommfounderIrwinJacobs,wasappointedasQualcomm'snewCEO.[20]WhereasIrwinJacobsfocusedonCDMApatents,PaulJacobsrefocusedmuchofQualcomm'snewresearchanddevelopmentonprojectsrelatedtotheInternetofthings.[20]InthesameyeartheyhaveacquiredFlarionTechnologies,adeveloperofwirelessbroadbandOrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexAccess(OFDMA)technology.[21] QualcommannouncedStevenMollenkopfwouldsucceedPaulJacobsasCEOinDecember2013.[22][23]MollenkopfsaidhewouldexpandQualcomm'sfocustowirelesstechnologyforcars,wearabledevices,andothernewmarkets.[24][25] 2015–present:NXP,BroadcomandNUVIA[edit] QualcommannounceditsintenttoacquireNXPSemiconductorsfor$47billioninOctober2016.[26]ThedealwasapprovedbyU.S.antitrustregulatorsinApril2017[27]withsomestandard-essentialpatentsexcludedtogetthedealapprovedbyantitrustregulators.[28][29] AstheNXPacquisitionwasongoing,Broadcommadea$103billionoffertoacquireQualcomm,[30][31]andQualcommrejectedtheoffer.[32]Broadcomattemptedahostiletakeover,[33]andraiseditsoffer,eventuallyto$121billion.[34]ThepotentialBroadcomacquisitionwasinvestigatedbytheU.S.CommitteeonForeignInvestment[35]andblockedbyanexecutiveorderfromformerU.S.PresidentDonaldTrump,citingnationalsecurityconcerns.[36] Qualcomm'sNXPacquisitionthenbecameapartofthe2018China–UnitedStatestradewar.[37]U.S.PresidentDonaldTrumpblockedChina-basedZTECorporationfrombuyingAmerican-madecomponents,suchasthosefromQualcomm.[37][38]TheZTErestrictionwasliftedafterthetwocountriesreachedanagreement,[39]butthenTrumpraisedtariffsagainstChinesegoods.[37]QualcommextendedatenderoffertoNXPatleast29timespendingChineseapproval,[40]beforeabandoningthedealinJuly2018.[41][42] OnJanuary6,2021,QualcommappointeditspresidentandchipdivisionheadCristianoAmonasitsnewchiefexecutive.[43] OnJanuary13,2021,QualcommannounceditwouldacquireNUVIA,aserverCPUstartupfoundedinearly2019byex-Appleandex-Googlearchitects,forapproximately$1.4billion.[44][45]TheacquisitionwascompletedinMarch2021,anditwasannouncedthatitsfirstproductswouldbelaptopCPUs,samplinginthesecondhalfof2022.[46] InMarch2022,Qualcommacquiredtheadvanceddriver-assistancesystemsandautonomousdrivingsoftwarebrandArriverfromtheinvestmentcompanySSWPartners.[47] InJune2022,QualcommacquiredIsraelistartupCellwizethroughitsinvestmentarmQualcommVentures.[48] InAugust2022,BloombergNewsreportedthatQualcommwasplanningtoreturntoserverCPUmarketbasedonNUVIA'sproduct.[49]Laterthatmonth,ArmLtd.announcedthatitsuedQualcommandNUVIAforbreachinglicenseagreementsandtrademarkviolations.[50]ArmcitedthatthechipdesignsusingArmlicensesdevelopedbyNUVIAcouldnotbetransferredtoitsparentQualcommwithoutpermission.[51]QualcommindicatedthatitslicenseswithArmcovercustom-designedprocessors.[51] WirelessCDMA[edit] 2G[edit] Earlyhistory[edit] Inmid-1985,QualcommwashiredbyHughesAircrafttoprovideresearchandtestingforasatellitenetworkproposaltotheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC).[7]: 38 Thefollowingyear,QualcommfileditsfirstCDMApatent(No.4,901,307).[7]ThispatentestablishedQualcomm'soverallapproachtoCDMA[7]andlaterbecameoneofthemostfrequentlycitedtechnicaldocumentsinhistory.[52]: 84 TheprojectwiththeFCCwasscrappedin1988,whentheFCCtoldalltwelvevendorsthatsubmittedproposalstoformajointventuretocreateasingleproposal.[7]: 38  QualcommfurtherdevelopedtheCDMAtechniquesforcommercialuseandsubmittedthemtotheCellularTelephoneIndustriesAssociation(CTIA)in1989asanalternativetothetime-divisionmultipleaccess(TDMA)standardforsecond-generationcell-phonenetworks.[7]: 49 Afewmonthslater,CTIAofficiallyrejectedQualcomm'sCDMAstandard[53]infavorofthemoreestablishedTDMAstandarddevelopedbyEricsson.[9][16] Atthetime,CDMAwasn'tconsideredviableinhigh-volumecommercialapplicationsduetothenear-farfieldeffect,wherebyphonesclosertoacelltowerwithastrongersignaldrownoutcallersthatarefurtherawayandhaveaweakersignal.[7]: 54–55, 62–65 [54]Qualcommfiledthreeadditionalpatentsin1989.Theywerefor:apowermanagementsystemthatadjuststhesignalstrengthofeachcalltoadjustforthenear-farfieldeffect;a"softhandoff"methodologyfortransferringcallersfromonecell-towertothenext;andavariablerateencoder,whichreducesbandwidthusagewhenacallerisn'tspeaking.[7]: 54–55, 62–65 [54] Holywarsofwireless[edit] AftertheFCCsaidcarrierswereallowedtoimplementstandardsnotapprovedbytheCTIA,QualcommbeganpitchingitsCDMAtechnologydirectlytocarriers.[7]Thisstartedwhatisoftenreferredtoas"theHolyWarsofWireless",anoftenheateddebateaboutwhetherTDMAorCDMAwasbettersuitedfor2Gnetworks.[7]: 117–120 Qualcomm-supportedCDMAstandardseventuallyunseatedTDMAasthemorepopular2GstandardinNorthAmerica,duetoitsnetworkcapacity.[16] QualcommconductedCDMAtestdemonstrationsin1989[55]inSanDiegoandin1990inNewYorkCity.[56][57]In1990,NynexMobileCommunicationsandAmeritechMobileCommunicationswerethefirstcarrierstoimplementCDMAnetworksinsteadofTDMA.[56]Motorola,apriorTDMAadvocate,conductedCDMAtestimplementationsinHongKongandLosAngeles.[58][54]Thiswasfollowedbya$2milliontrialnetworkinSanDiegoforAirtouchCommunications.[16][57]: 177 InNovember1991,14carriersandmanufacturersconductedlarge-scaleCDMAfieldtests.[16][59] ResultsfromthetestimplementationsconvincedCTIAtore-opendiscussionsregardingCDMAandthe2Gstandard.[60]CTIAchangeditspositionandsupportedCDMAin1993,[16]adoptingQualcomm'sCDMAastheIS-95Astandard,alsoknownascdmaOne.[61]Thispromptedwidespreadcriticisminforums,tradepress,andconventionsfrombusinessesthathadalreadyinvestedheavilyintheTDMAstandardandfromTDMA'sdeveloper,Ericsson.[16][60] Thefirstcommercial-scaleCDMAcellularnetworkwascreatedinHongKongin1995.[61]OnJuly21,1995,Primeco,whichrepresentedajointventureofBellAtlantic,Nynex,USWestandAirTouchCommunications,announceditwasgoingtoimplementCDMA-basedservices[16]onnetworksin15states.[61]Bythistime,11outof14oftheworld'slargestnetworkssupportedCDMA.[16][62]By1997CDMAhad57percentoftheUSmarket,whereas14percentofthemarketwasonTDMA.[16] International[edit] In1991,QualcommandtheElectronicsandTelecommunicationsResearchInstitute(ETRI)agreedtojointlydevelopCDMAtechnologiesfortheKoreantelecommunicationsinfrastructure.[63][64]ACDMAstandardwasadoptedasthenationalwirelessstandardinKoreainMay1993[7]withcommercialCDMAnetworksbeinglaunchedin1996.[64][63]CDMAnetworkswerealsolaunchedinArgentina,Brazil,Mexico,India,andVenezuela.[65][66]QualcommenteredtheRussianandLatinAmericanmarketsin2005.[7]By2007,Qualcomm'stechnologywasincellphonenetworksinmorethan105countries.[65]QualcommalsoformedlicensingagreementswithNokiainEurope,NortelinCanada,andwithMatsushitaandMitsubishiinJapan.[9] QualcommenteredtheChinesemarketthroughapartnershipwithChinaUnicomin2000,[9]whichlaunchedthefirstCDMA-basednetworkinChinain2003.[66]ChinabecameamajormarketforQualcomm'ssemiconductorproducts,representingmorethanfiftypercentofitsrevenues,[67]butalsothesourceofmanylegaldisputesregardingQualcomm'sintellectualproperty.[68]By2007,$500millionofQualcomm'sannualrevenueswerecomingfromKoreanmanufacturers.[69] Manufacturing[edit] Initially,Qualcomm'smanufacturingoperationswerelimitedtoasmallASICdesignandmanufacturingteamtosupporttheOmnitracssystem.[7]Qualcommwasforcedtoexpandintomanufacturinginthe1990sinordertoproducethehardwarecarriersneededtoimplementCDMAnetworksthatusedQualcomm'sintellectualproperty.[7]Qualcomm'sfirstlargemanufacturingprojectwasinMay1993,inadealtoprovide36,000CDMAphonestoUSWest.[7][57] Foratime,Qualcommexperienceddelaysandothermanufacturingproblems,becauseitwasin-experiencedwithmassmanufacturing.[9]In1994,QualcommpartneredwithNorthernTelecomandformedajointpartnershipwithSony,inordertoleveragetheirmanufacturingexpertise.[55]Nokia,SamsungandMotorolaintroducedtheirownCDMAphonesin1997.[55]Qualcomm'smanufacturingbusinesswaslosingmoneyduetolargecapitalequipmentcostsanddecliningpricescausedbycompetition.[55][52][7]Also,inMarch1997,afterQualcommintroduceditsQphone,Motorolainitiatedalawsuit(settledoutofcourtin2000)forallegedlycopyingthedesignofitsStartacphone.[70][71] InDecember1999,QualcommsolditsmanufacturingintereststoKyoceraCorporation,aJapaneseCDMAmanufacturerandQualcommlicensee.[72][73]Qualcomm'sinfrastructuredivisionwassoldtocompetitorEricssonin1999aspartofanout-of-courtagreementforaCDMApatentdisputethatstartedin1996.[74][75]ThesaleoftheinfrastructuredivisionmarkedthebeginningofanincreaseinQualcomm'sstockpriceandstrongerfinancialperformance,butmanyofthe1,200employeesinvolvedwerediscontentedworkingforacompetitorandlosingtheirstockoptions.[74][76]Thisledtoaprotractedlegaldisputeregardingemployeestockoptions,resultingin$74millioninsettlementsby2005.[7] 3G[edit] 3GstandardswereexpectedtoforcepriorTDMAcarriersontoCDMA,inordertomeet3Gbandwidthgoals.[52][77]ThetwolargestGSMmanufacturers,NokiaandEricsson,advocatedforagreaterroleforGSM,[78]inordertonegotiatelowerroyaltypricesfromQualcomm.[77]In1998,theEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI)votedinsupportoftheWCDMAstandard,whichreliedlessonQualcomm'sCDMApatents.[79]Qualcommrespondedbyrefusingtolicenseitsintellectualpropertyforthestandard.[77] TheTelecommunicationsIndustryAssociation(TIA)andtheThirdGenerationPartnershipProgram2,advocatedforacompetingCDMA-2000standarddevelopedprimarilybyQualcomm.[80][81]AmericanandEuropeanpoliticiansadvocatedfortheCDMA-2000andWCDMAstandardsrespectively.[7][77]TheITUsaiditwouldexcludeQualcomm'sCDMAtechnologyfromthe3GstandardsentirelyifapatentdisputeoverthetechnologywithEricssonwasnotresolved.[7][82]Thetworeachedanagreementout-of-courtin1999,onemonthbeforeadeadlinesetbytheITU.Bothcompaniesagreedtocross-licensetheirtechnologytoeachother[82]: 30 andtoworktogetheron3Gstandards.[83] AcompromisewaseventuallyreachedwherebytheITUwouldinitiallyendorsethreestandards:CDMA20001X,WCDMAandTD-SCDMA.[77]QualcommagreedtolicenseitsCDMApatentsforvariantssuchasWCDMA.[77]Therewere240millionCDMA3Gsubscribersby2004and143carriersin67countriesby2005.[57]Qualcommclaimedtoown38percentofWCDMA'sessentialpatents,whereasEuropeanGSMinterestssponsoredaresearchpaperallegingQualcommonlyowned19percent.[52] Qualcommconsolidateditsinterestsintelecommunicationscarriers,suchasCricketCommunicationsandPegasointoaholdingcompany,LeapWireless,in1998.[84][9]Leapwasspun-offlaterthatyear[85]andsoldtoAT&Tin2014.[85] 4G[edit] QualcomminitiallyadvocatedfortheCDMA-basedUltraMobileBroadband(UMB)standardforfourthgenerationwirelessnetworks.[86]UMBwasn'tbackwardscompatiblewithpriorCDMAnetworksanddidn'toperateaswellinnarrowbandwidthsastheLTE(long-termevolution)standard.NocellularnetworksadoptedUMB.[87]QualcommhalteddevelopmentofUMBin2005anddecidedtosupporttheLTEstandard,[88][89]eventhoughitdidn'trelyasheavilyonQualcommpatents.[90]Then,QualcommpurchasedLTE-relatedpatentsthroughacquisitions.[91]By2012,Qualcommheld81seminalpatentsusedin4GLTEstandards,or12.46percent.[92] Qualcommalsobecamemorefocusedonusingitsintellectualpropertytomanufacturesemiconductorsinafablessmanufacturingmodel.[93]AVLSITechnologyOrganizationdivisionwasfoundedin2004,followedbyaDFXgroupin2006,whichdidmoreofthemanufacturingdesignin-house.[94]QualcommannounceditwasdevelopingtheScorpioncentralprocessingunit(CPU)formobiledevicesinNovember2005.[95][96]ThiswasfollowedbythefirstshipmentsoftheSnapdragonsystem-on-chipproduct,whichincludesaCPU,GPS,graphicsprocessingunit,camerasupportandothersoftwareandsemiconductors,[97]inNovember2007.[98]TheGobifamilyofmodemsforportabledeviceswasreleasedin2008.[99][100]Gobimodemswereembeddedinmanylaptopbrands[101][102]andSnapdragonsystemonchipswereembeddedintomostAndroiddevices.[103] QualcommwonagovernmentauctioninIndiain2010for$1billioninspectrumandlicensesfromwhichtoofferbroadbandservices.ItformedfourjointventureswithIndianholdingcompaniesforthispurpose.A49percentstakeintheholdingcompanieswasacquiredbyBhartiinMay2012andtheremainingwasacquiredinOctober2012[104]byAT&T.[105] 5G[edit] AccordingtoFortuneMagazine,Qualcommhasbeendevelopingtechnologiesforfuture5Gstandardsinthreeareas:radiosthatwouldusebandwidthfromanynetworkithasaccessto,creatinglargerrangesofspectrumbycombiningsmallerpieces,andasetofservicesforInternetofthingsapplications.[106]Qualcomm'sfirst5GmodemchipwasannouncedinOctober2016[107]andaprototypewasdemonstratedinOctober2017.[108]Qualcomm'sfirst5GantennaswereannouncedinJuly2018.[109]Asof2018,Qualcommhaspartnershipswith19mobiledevicemanufacturersand18carrierstocommercialize5Gtechnology.[110]Bylate2019,severalphoneswerebeingsoldwithQualcomm's5Gtechnologyincorporated.[111] Softwareandothertechnology[edit] Earlysoftware[edit] QualcommacquiredanemailapplicationcalledEudorain1991.[112]By1996,Eudorawasinstalledon63percentofPCs.[113]MicrosoftOutlookeclipsedEudora,sinceitwasprovidedforfreebydefaultonWindows-basedmachines.[114]By2003Qualcomm'sEudorawasthemostpopularalternativetoMicrosoftOutlook,butstillhadonlyafivepercentshareofthemarket.[115]SoftwaredevelopmentforEudorawasretiredin2006.[114] In2001,QualcommintroducedBrew,asmartphoneappdevelopmentservice[116][117][118]withAPIstoaccesscontacts,billing,app-stores,ormultimediaonthephone.[117]SouthKoreancarrierKTFreeTelwasthefirsttoadopttheBrewsysteminNovember2001,followedbyVerizoninMarch2002[119]forits"GetitNow"program.Therewere2.5millionBrewusersbytheendof2002and73millionin2003.[57] Othertechnology[edit] In2004,QualcommcreatedaMediaFLOsubsidiarytobringitsFLO(forwardlinkonly)specificationtomarket.Qualcommbuiltan$800millionMediaFLOnetworkofcelltowerstosupplementcarriernetworkswithonethatisdesignedformultimedia.[120][121]Incomparisontocellulartowersthatprovidetwo-waycommunicationswitheachcellphoneindividually,MediaFLOtowerswouldbroadcastmultimediacontenttomobilephonesinaone-waybroadcast.[122][123]QualcommalsosoldFLO-basedsemiconductorsandlicenses.[124][125] QualcommcreatedtheFLOForumstandardsgroupwith15industryparticipantsinJuly2005.[126]VerizonwasthefirstcarriertopartnerwithMediaFloinDecember2005[123]foritsVerizonWireless'VCastTV,[127]whichwasfollowedbytheAT&TMobileTVserviceacouplemonthslater.[128][129]TheMediaFloservicewaslaunchedonSuperBowlSundayin2007.[130]Despitetheinteresttheservicegotamongcarriers,itwasunpopularamongconsumers.[130][131][132]Theservicerequireduserstopayforasubscriptionandhavephonesthatwereequippedwithspecialsemiconductors.[131][132]Theservicewasdiscontinuedin2011anditsspectrumwassoldtoAT&Tfor$1.93billion.[131][132]Qualcommrebootedtheeffortin2013withLTEBroadcast,whichusespre-existingcelltowerstobroadcastselectcontentlocallyonadedicatedspectrum,suchasduringmajorsportingevents.[131][133] BasedontechnologyacquiredfromIridigmin2004for$170million,[134]QualcommbegancommercializingMirasoldisplaysin2007,whichwasexpandedintoeightproductsin2008.[135]Mirasolusesnaturallightshiningonascreentoprovidelightingforthedisplay,ratherabacklight,inordertoreducepowerconsumption.[136]Theamountofspacebetweenthesurfaceofthedisplayandamirrorwithina10micron-wide"interferometricmodulator"determinesthecolorofthereflectedlight.[137]Mirasolwaseventuallycloseddownafteranattempttoreviveitin2013inToqwatches.[138] InJune2011,QualcommintroducedAllJoyn,awirelessstandardforcommunicatingbetweendeviceslikecellphones,televisions,air-conditioners,andrefrigerators.[139][140][141]TheAlljoyntechnologywasdonatedtotheLinuxFoundationinDecember2013.QualcommandtheLinuxFoundationthenformedtheAllseenAlliancetoadministerthestandard[139][142]andQualcommdevelopedproductsthatusedtheAllJoynstandard[143][144][145]InDecember2011,QualcommformedahealthcaresubsidiarycalledQualcommLife.Simultaneously,thesubsidiaryreleasedacloud-basedserviceformanagingclinicaldatacalled2netandtheQualcommLifeFund,whichinvestsinwirelesshealthcaretechnologycompanies.[146][147]Thesubsidiarydoubleditsemployee-countbyacquiringHealthyCirclesInc.,ahealthcareITcompany,thefollowingMay.[148]Qualcommlifewaslatersoldtoaprivateequityfirm,FranciscoPartners,in2019.[149] Developmentssince2016[edit] In2016,QualcommdevelopeditsfirstbetaprocessorchipforserversandPCscalled"ServerDevelopmentPlatform"andsentsamplesfortesting.[150]InJanuary2017,asecondgenerationdatacenterandPCserverchipcalledCentriq2400wasreleased.[150]PCMagazinesaidthereleasewas"historic"forQualcomm,becauseitwasanewmarketsegmentforthecompany.[151]QualcommalsocreatedaQualcommDatacenterTechnologiessubsidiarytofocusonthePCsandserversmarket.[152]In2017,Qualcommintroducedembeddedtechnologyfor3Dcamerasintendedforaugmentedrealityapps.[153]Qualcommisalsodevelopinganddemonstratinglaptopprocessorsandotherparts,asof2017.[154] In2000,QualcommformedajointventurewithFordcalledWingcast,whichcreatedtelematicsequipmentforcars,butwasunsuccessfulandcloseddowntwoyearslater.[155][156][157]Qualcommacquiredthewirelesselectriccarchargingcompany,HaloIPT,inNovember2011[158]andlatersoldthecompanytoWiTricityinFebruary2019.[159]QualcommalsostartedintroducingSnapdragonsystem-on-chips[160]andGobimodems[161]andothersoftwareorsemiconductorproductsforself-drivingcarsandmodernin-carcomputers.[162][163] In2020,QualcommhiredBaiduVeteran,NanZhou,toheadQualcomm'spushintoAI.[164] Patentsandpatentdisputes[edit] In2021,theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)’sannualWorldIntellectualPropertyIndicatorsreportrankedQualcomm'snumberofpatentapplicationspublishedunderthePCTSystemas5thintheworld,with2,173patentapplicationsbeingpublishedduring2020.[165]Thispositionisdownfromtheirpreviousrankingas4thin2019with2,127applications.[166] In2017,Qualcommownedmorethan130,000currentorpendingpatents.[5]Anincreasefromtheearly2000swhenQualcommhadmorethan1,000patents.[167][168]AsthesoleearlyinvestorinCDMAresearchanddevelopment,Qualcomm'spatentportfoliocontainsmuchoftheintellectualpropertythatisessentialtoCDMAtechnologies.[55] SincemanyofQualcomm'spatentsarepartofanindustrystandard,thecompanyhasagreedtolicensethosepatentsunder"fair,reasonable,andnon-discriminatory"terms.[169]Qualcomm'sroyaltiescomeouttoabout5%or$30permobiledevice.[5]AccordingtoFortuneMagazine,thisisabout5–10timesmorethanwhatistypicallychargedbyotherpatent-holders.[169]Qualcommsaysitspatentsaremoreexpensivebecausetheyaremoreimportantanditspricingiswithintherangeofcommonlicensingpractices.[169]However,competitors,clients,andregulatorsoftenallegeQualcommchargesunreasonableratesorengagesinunfaircompetitionformandatorypatents.[170] Broadcom[edit] In2005,BroadcomandQualcommwereunabletoreachanagreementoncross-licensingtheirintellectualproperty,[171]andBroadcomsuedQualcommallegingitwasbreachingtenBroadcompatents.[172][173]BroadcomaskedtheInternationalTradeCommissiontoprohibitimportingtheaffectedtechnology.[172][174]AseparatelawsuitallegedQualcommwasthreateningtowithholdUMTSpatentlicensesagainstmanufacturersthatboughttheirsemiconductorsfromcompetitors,inviolationofthestandardsagreement.[175][176][177] QualcommallegedBroadcomwasusinglitigationasanegotiationtacticandthatitwouldrespondwithitsownlawsuits.[176][178]QualcommsuedBroadcom,allegingitwasusingsevenQualcommpatentswithoutpermission.[179]Bylate2006,morethan20lawsuitshadbeenfiledbetweenthetwopartiesandbothsidesclaimedtobewinning.[180] InSeptember2006,aNewJerseycourtjudgeruledthatQualcomm'spatentmonopolywasaninherentaspectofcreatingindustrystandardsandthatQualcomm'spricingpracticeswerelawful.[180][181]InMay2007,ajuryorderedQualcommtopayBroadcom$19.6millionforinfringingonthreeBroadcompatents.[182]InJune2007,theITCruledthatQualcommhadinfringedonatleastoneBroadcompatentandbannedcorrespondingimports.[173][183]QualcommandBroadcomreachedasettlementinApril2009,resultinginacross-licensingagreement,adismissalofalllitigationandQualcommpaying$891millionoverfouryears.[184] Duringthelitigation,QualcommclaimedithadneverparticipatedintheJVTstandards-settingprocess.[185]: 153 However,anengineer'stestimonyledtodiscoveryof21JVT-relatedemailsQualcommlawyershadwithheldfromthecourt,and200,000pagesofJVT-relateddocuments.[186]Qualcomm'slawyerssaidtheevidencewasoverlookedbyaccident,whereasthejudgesaiditwasgrossmisconduct.[186][187][188]Qualcommwasfined$8.5millionforlegalmisconduct.[189]Onappeal,thecourtheldthatQualcommcouldonlyenforcetherelatedpatentsagainstnon-JVTmembers,basedontheagreementssignedtoparticipateinJVT.[185][190]: 7  NokiaandProjectStockholm[edit] Sixlargetelecommunicationscompanies[191]ledbyNokia[192]filedacomplaintagainstQualcommwiththeEuropeanCommission'santitrustdivision[192]inOctober2005.[193]TheyallegedQualcommwasabusingitsmarketpositiontochargeunreasonableratesforitspatents.[194][195]QualcommallegedthesixcompanieswerecolludingtogetherunderthecodenameProjectStockholminalegalstrategytonegotiatelowerrates.[196][197][198]Theseeventsledtoaprotractedlegaldispute.[191] Qualcommfiledaseriesofpatent-infringementlawsuitsagainstNokiainEurope,Asia,theUS,andwiththeITC.[199][200]Thepartiesinitiatedmorethanonedozenlawsuitsagainstoneanother.[200]SeveralcompaniesfiledantitrustcomplaintsagainstQualcommwiththeKoreanFairTradeCommission,[201]whoinitiatedaninvestigationintoQualcomm'spracticesinDecember2006.[202]ThedisputebetweenQualcommandNokiaescalated,whentheirlicensingagreementendedinApril2007.[203] InFebruary2008,thetwopartiesagreedtohaltanynewlitigationuntilaninitialrulingismadeonthefirstlawsuitinDelaware.[186][200]NokiawonthreeconsecutivecourtrulingswiththeGermanFederalPatentCourt,theHighCourtintheUnitedKingdom,andtheInternationalTradeCommissionrespectively.EachfoundthatNokiawasnotinfringingonQualcomm'spatents.[192][195][204]InJuly2008,NokiaandQualcommreachedanout-of-courtsettlementthatendedthedisputeandcreateda15-yearcross-licensingagreement.[192] Recentdisputes[edit] ParkerVisionfiledalawsuitagainstQualcomminJuly2011allegingthatitinfringedonsevenParkerVisionpatentsrelatedtoconvertingelectromagneticradiosignalstolowerfrequencies.[205]A$173millionjuryverdictagainstQualcommwasoverturnedbyajudge.[206] InNovember2013,theChinaNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissioninitiatedananti-trustinvestigationintoQualcomm'slicensingdivision.[67][68]TheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionalsostartedaninvestigationintowhetherQualcommbreachedantibriberylawsthroughitsactivitiesinChina.[68][207]TheChineseregulatorraidedQualcomm'sChineseofficesinAugust2013.[208]Thedisputewassettledin2015for$975million.[209] Inlate2016TheKoreaFairTradeCommissionallegedQualcommabuseda"dominantmarketposition"tochargecellphonemanufacturersexcessiveroyaltiesforpatentsandlimitsalestocompaniessellingcompetingsemiconductorproducts.[210]TheregulatorgaveQualcommafineof$854million,whichthecompanysaiditwillappeal.[210] InApril2017,Qualcommpaidan$814.9millionsettlementwithBlackBerryasarefundforprepaidlicensingfees.[211] InOctober2017,Taiwan'sFairTradeCommissionfinedQualcommanother$773million.[212]Inlate2018QualcommpaidasettlementtoTaiwanfor$93millioninfinesandapromisetospend$700millioninthelocalTaiwaneconomy.[213][214] Apple[edit] InJanuary2017,theFederalTradeCommission(FTC)initiatedaninvestigationintoallegationsthatQualcommchargedexcessiveroyaltiesforpatentsthatare"essentialtoindustrystandards".[215]Thatsameyear,Appleinitiateda$1billionlawsuitagainstQualcommintheU.S.allegingQualcommoverchargedforsemiconductorsandfailedtopay$1billioninrebates.[216][217]ApplealsofiledlawsuitsinChina[169]andtheUnitedKingdom.[218] AppleallegedQualcommwasengaginginunfaircompetitionbysellingindustry-standardpatentsatadiscountrateinexchangeforanexclusivityagreementforitssemiconductorproducts.[219]AnFTCreportreachedsimilarconclusions.[219]Qualcommfiledcounter-claimsallegingApplemadefalseandmisleadingstatementstoinduceregulatorstosueQualcomm.[220]QualcommalsosuedApple'ssuppliersforallegedlynotpayingQualcomm'spatentroyalties,afterApplestoppedreimbursingthemforpatentfees.[220][221]QualcommpetitionedtheInternationalTradeCommissiontoprohibitimportsofiPhones,onthepremisethattheycontainstolenQualcommpatentsafterApple'ssuppliersstoppedpaying.[222] InAugust2017,theInternationalTradeCommissionrespondedtoQualcomm'scomplaintsbystartinganinvestigationofApple'suseofQualcommpatentswithoutroyalties.[223]QualcommalsofiledsuitagainstAppleinChinaforallegedpatentinfringementinOctober2017.[224]Thefollowingmonth,Applecounter-sued,allegingQualcommwasusingpatentedAppletechnologyinitsAndroidcomponents.[225] InDecember2018,Chinese[226]andGerman[227]courtsheldthatAppleinfringedonQualcommpatentsandbannedsalesofcertainiPhones.Somepatentswereheldtobeinvalid,[228]whileotherswereinfringedbyApple.[229] InApril2019,AppleandQualcommreachedanagreementtoceasealllitigationandsignasix-yearlicensingagreement.[230]Thesettlementincludedaone-timepaymentfromAppleofabout$4.5to$4.7billion.[231]Termsofthesix-yearlicensingagreementwerenotdisclosed,butthelicensingfeeswereexpectedtoincreaserevenuesby$2per-share.[230][231] InJanuary2018,theEuropeanCompetitionCommissionfinedQualcomm$1.2billionforanarrangementtouseQualcommchipsexclusivelyinApple'smobileproducts.[232][233][234]Qualcommisappealingthedecision.[232][233][234]InJune2022,Qualcommannouncedthecompanyhadwonitsappealagainst$1+billionEuropeanUnionantitrustfine.TheappealhighlightedthatAppleasacompanyhadnotechnicalalternativeotherthantouseQualcomm'sLTEchipsets.[235] FederalTradeCommission[edit] StemmingfromtheinvestigationthatledtotheApplelawsuitactions,theFTCfiledsuitagainstQualcommin2017allegingitengagedinantitrustbehaviorduetoitsmonopolyonwirelessbroadbandtechnology.ThecomplaintsfiledbytheFTCincludedthatQualcommcharged"disproportionatelyhigh"patentroyaltyratestophonemanufacturersandrefusedtosellthembroadbandchipsiftheydidnotlicensethepatents,apolicyreferredtoas"nolicense,nochips",thatQualcommrefusedtolicensethepatenttootherchipmanufacturersastomaintaintheirmonopoly,andthatQualcommpurposelyofferedApplealowerlicensecosttousetheirchipsexclusively,lockingothercompetitorsaswellaswirelessserviceprovidersoutofApple'slucrativemarket.[236]ThetrialstartinginJanuary2019,heardbyJudgeLucyKohofthefederalNorthernDistrictCourtthatalsooversawtheApplecase.JudgeKohruledinMay2019againstQualcomm,assertingthatQualcomm'spracticesdidviolateantitrust.Aspartoftheruling,Qualcommwasforcedtostopits"nolicense,nochips"bundlingwithphonemanufacturers,andwasrequiredtolicenseitspatentstootherchipmanufacturers.AsQualcommhadexpresseditsintenttoappeal,apanelofjudgesonthe9thcircuitofappealsstayedtheorderspendingthelitigationaction.[237] QualcommappealedtotheNinthCircuit,whichreversedthedecisioninAugust2020.TheNinthCircuitdeterminedthatJudgeKoh'sdecisionstrayedbeyondthescopeofantitrustlawandthatwhetherQualcomm'spatentlicensingmaybeconsideredreasonableandnon-discriminatorylicensingdoesnotfallwithinthescopeofantitrustlaw,butratherisamatterofcontractandpatentlaw.ThecourtconcludedthattheFTCfailedtomeetitsburdenofproofandthatQualcomm'sbusinesspracticeswerebettercharacterizedas"hypercompetitive"ratherthan"anticompetitive".[238][239][240] Operationsandmarket-share[edit] Qualcommdevelopssoftware,semiconductordesigns,patentedintellectualproperty,developmenttoolsandservices,butdoesnotmanufacturephysicalproductslikephonesorinfrastructureequipment.[241]Thecompany'srevenuesarederivedfromlicensingfeesforuseofitsintellectualproperty,salesofsemiconductorproductsthatarebasedonitsdesigns,andfromotherwirelesshardware,softwareorservices.[242] Qualcommdividesitsbusinessintothreecategories:[243] QCT(QualcommCDMATechnologies):CDMAwirelessproducts;80%ofrevenue QTL(QualcommTechnologyLicensing):Licensing;19%ofrevenue QSI(Qualcommstrategicinitiatives):Investinginothertechcompanies;lessthan1%ofrevenue Qualcommisapredominantlyfablessproviderofsemiconductorproductsforwirelesscommunicationsanddatatransferinportabledevices.[244]AccordingtotheanalystfirmStrategyAnalytics,Qualcommhasa39percentmarket-shareforsmartphoneapplicationprocessorsanda50percentmarket-shareofbasebandprocessors.[245]Itsshareofthemarketforapplicationprocessorsontabletsis18percent.[246]AccordingtoanalystfirmABIResearch,Qualcommhasa65percentmarket-shareinLTEbaseband.[247]Qualcommalsoprovideslicensestouseitspatents,manyofwhicharecriticaltotheCDMA2000,TD-SCDMAandWCDMAwirelessstandards.[248]Thecompanyisestimatedtoearn$20foreverysmartphonesold.[249]: 64  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