Population - Wikipedia

Population typically refers the number of people in a single area whether it be a city or town, region, country, or the world. Population FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Alltheorganismsofagivenspeciesthatliveinthespecifiedregion Forotheruses,seePopulation(disambiguation). Thedistributionofworldpopulationin1994 Key Populationtypicallyrefersthenumberofpeopleinasingleareawhetheritbeacityortown,region,country,ortheworld.Governmentstypicallyquantifythesizeoftheresidentpopulationwithintheirjurisdictionbyaprocesscalledacensus(aprocessofcollecting,analysing,compiling,andpublishingdataregardingapopulation). Contents 1Perspectivesofvariousdisciplines 1.1Socialsciences 1.2Ecology 1.3Genetics 2Worldhumanpopulation 2.1Predictedgrowthanddecline 2.2Populationplanning 3Seealso 4References 5Externallinks Perspectivesofvariousdisciplines[edit] Socialsciences[edit] Insociologyandpopulationgeography,populationreferstoagroupofhumansbeingswithsomepredefinedcriterionincommon,suchaslocation,race,ethnicity,nationality,orreligion.Demographyisasocialsciencewhichentailsthestatisticalstudyofpopulations. Ecology[edit] Mainarticle:Populationecology Inecology,apopulationisagroupoforganismsofthesamespecieswhoinhabitthesameparticulargeographicalareaandarecapableofinterbreeding.[1][2]Theareaofasexualpopulationistheareawhereinter-breedingispossiblebetweenanypairwithintheareaandmoreprobablethancross-breedingwithindividualsfromotherareas.[3] Inecology,thepopulationofacertainspeciesinacertainareacanbeestimatedusingtheLincolnindex. Genetics[edit] Mainarticle:Populationgenetics Ingenetics,apopulationisoftendefinedasasetoforganismsinwhichanypairofmemberscanbreedtogether.Thismeansthattheycanregularlyexchangegametestoproducenormally-fertileoffspring,andsuchabreedinggroupisalsoknownthereforeasagamodeme.Thisalsoimpliesthatallmembersbelongtothesamespecies.[4] Ifthegamodemeisverylarge(theoretically,approachinginfinity),andallgeneallelesareuniformlydistributedbythegameteswithinit,thegamodemeissaidtobepanmictic.Underthisstate,allele(gamete)frequenciescanbeconvertedtogenotype(zygote)frequenciesbyexpandinganappropriatequadraticequation,asshownbySirRonaldFisherinhisestablishmentofquantitativegenetics.[5] Thisseldomoccursinnature:localizationofgameteexchange–throughdispersallimitations,preferentialmating,cataclysm,orothercause–mayleadtosmallactualgamodemeswhichexchangegametesreasonablyuniformlywithinthemselvesbutarevirtuallyseparatedfromtheirneighboringgamodemes.However,theremaybelowfrequenciesofexchangewiththeseneighbors.Thismaybeviewedasthebreakingupofalargesexualpopulation(panmictic)intosmalleroverlappingsexualpopulations.Thisfailureofpanmixialeadstotwoimportantchangesinoverallpopulationstructure:(1)thecomponentgamodemesvary(throughgametesampling)intheirallelefrequencieswhencomparedwitheachotherandwiththetheoreticalpanmicticoriginal(thisisknownasdispersion,anditsdetailscanbeestimatedusingexpansionofanappropriatebinomialequation);and(2)thelevelofhomozygosityrisesintheentirecollectionofgamodemes.Theoverallriseinhomozygosityisquantifiedbytheinbreedingcoefficient(forφ).Notethatallhomozygotesareincreasedinfrequency–boththedeleteriousandthedesirable.Themeanphenotypeofthegamodemescollectionislowerthanthatofthepanmicticoriginal–whichisknownasinbreedingdepression.Itismostimportanttonote,however,thatsomedispersionlineswillbesuperiortothepanmicticoriginal,whilesomewillbeaboutthesame,andsomewillbeinferior.Theprobabilitiesofeachcanbeestimatedfromthosebinomialequations.Inplantandanimalbreeding,procedureshavebeendevelopedwhichdeliberatelyutilizetheeffectsofdispersion(suchaslinebreeding,pure-linebreeding,backcrossing).Itcanbeshownthatdispersion-assistedselectionleadstothegreatestgeneticadvance(ΔG=changeinthephenotypicmean),andismuchmorepowerfulthanselectionactingwithoutattendantdispersion.Thisissoforbothallogamous(randomfertilization)[6]andautogamous(self-fertilization)gamodemes.[7] Worldhumanpopulation[edit] Mainarticles:WorldpopulationandDemographicsoftheworld AccordingtotheUnitedStatesCensusBureautheworld'spopulationwasabout7.55billionin2019[8]andthatthe7billionnumberwassurpassedon12March2012.AccordingtoaseparateestimatebytheUnitedNations,Earth'spopulationexceededsevenbillioninOctober2011,amilestonethatoffersunprecedentedchallengesandopportunitiestoallofhumanity,accordingtoUNFPA.[9] AccordingtopaperspublishedbytheUnitedStatesCensusBureau,theworldpopulationhit6.5billionon24February2006.TheUnitedNationsPopulationFunddesignated12October1999astheapproximatedayonwhichworldpopulationreached6billion.Thiswasabout12yearsaftertheworldpopulationreached5billionin1987,andsixyearsaftertheworldpopulationreached5.5billionin1993.ThepopulationofcountriessuchasNigeriaisnotevenknowntothenearestmillion,[10]sothereisaconsiderablemarginoferrorinsuchestimates.[11] ResearcherCarlHaubcalculatedthatatotalofover100billionpeoplehaveprobablybeenborninthelast2000years.[12] Predictedgrowthanddecline[edit] Mainarticle:Populationgrowth Theyearstakenforeverybillionpeopletobeaddedtotheworld'spopulation,andtheyearsthatpopulationwasreached(withfutureestimates). PopulationgrowthincreasedsignificantlyastheIndustrialRevolutiongatheredpacefrom1700onwards.[13]Thelast50yearshaveseenayetmorerapidincreaseintherateofpopulationgrowth[13]duetomedicaladvancesandsubstantialincreasesinagriculturalproductivity,particularlybeginninginthe1960s,[14]madebytheGreenRevolution.[15]In2017theUnitedNationsPopulationDivisionprojectedthattheworld'spopulationwillreachabout9.8billionin2050and11.2billionin2100.[16] PRB2017DataSheetLargestPopulations Inthefuture,theworld'spopulationisexpectedtopeak,[17]afterwhichitwilldeclineduetoeconomicreasons,healthconcerns,landexhaustionandenvironmentalhazards.Accordingtoonereport,itisverylikelythattheworld'spopulationwillstopgrowingbeforetheendofthe21stcentury.Further,thereissomelikelihoodthatpopulationwillactuallydeclinebefore2100.[18][19]PopulationhasalreadydeclinedinthelastdecadeortwoinEasternEurope,theBalticsandintheCommonwealthofIndependentStates.[20] Thepopulationpatternofless-developedregionsoftheworldinrecentyearshasbeenmarkedbygraduallydecliningbirthrates.Thesefollowedanearliersharpreductionindeathrates.[21]Thistransitionfromhighbirthanddeathratestolowbirthanddeathratesisoftenreferredtoasthedemographictransition.[21] Populationplanning[edit] Mainarticle:Humanpopulationplanning Humanpopulationplanningisthepracticeofalteringtherateofgrowthofahumanpopulation.Historically,humanpopulationcontrolhasbeenimplementedwiththegoaloflimitingtherateofpopulationgrowth.Intheperiodfromthe1950stothe1980s,concernsaboutglobalpopulationgrowthanditseffectsonpoverty,environmentaldegradation,andpoliticalstabilityledtoeffortstoreducepopulationgrowthrates.Whilepopulationcontrolcaninvolvemeasuresthatimprovepeople'slivesbygivingthemgreatercontroloftheirreproduction,afewprograms,mostnotablytheChinesegovernment'sone-childperfamilypolicy,haveresortedtocoercivemeasures. Inthe1970s,tensiongrewbetweenpopulationcontroladvocatesandwomen'shealthactivistswhoadvancedwomen'sreproductiverightsaspartofahumanrights-basedapproach.[22]Growingoppositiontothenarrowpopulationcontrolfocusledtoasignificantchangeinpopulationcontrolpoliciesintheearly1980s.[23] Seealso[edit] Community(ecology) Humanoverpopulation Listofcountriesbypopulation Listsoforganismsbypopulation Populationethics Populationgeography References[edit] ^"Population".BiologyOnline.Retrieved5December2012. ^"Definitionofpopulation(biology)".OxfordDictionaries.OxfordUniversityPress.Retrieved5December2012.acommunityofanimals,plants,orhumansamongwhosemembersinterbreedingoccurs ^Hartl,Daniel(2007).PrinciplesofPopulationGenetics.SinauerAssociates.p. 45.ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2. ^Hartl,Daniel(2007).PrinciplesofPopulationGenetics.SinauerAssociates.p. 95.ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2. ^Fisher,R.A.(1999).TheGeneticalTheoryofNaturalSelection.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-850440-5. ^Gordon,IanL.(2000)."QuantitativegeneticsofallogamousF2 :anoriginofrandomlyfertilizedpopulations".Heredity.85:43–52.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00716.x.PMID 10971690. ^Gordon,IanL.(2001)."QuantitativegeneticsofautogamousF2".Hereditas.134(3):255–262.doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00255.x.PMID 11833289. ^"PopulationClock".www.census.gov.Retrieved29January2019. ^toaWorldofSevenBillionPeopleArchived13January2012attheWaybackMachineUNFPA12September2011 ^"CitiesinNigeria:2005PopulationEstimates –MongaBay.com".Retrieved1July2008. ^"CountryProfile:Nigeria".BBCNews.24December2009.Retrieved1July2008. ^Haub,C.1995/2004."HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth?"PopulationToday,"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon24April2013.Retrieved29April2013.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^abAsgraphicallyillustratedbypopulationsince10,000BCandpopulationsince1000AD ^"TheendofIndia'sgreenrevolution?".BBCNews.29May2006.Retrieved29November2009. ^FoodFirst/InstituteforFoodandDevelopmentPolicyArchived14July2009attheWaybackMachine ^"UNPopulationProspects2017"(PDF). ^WorldPopulationDevelopmentStatistics:Forecast,UnitedNations,2011. ^Lutz,Wolfgang;Sanderson,Warren;Scherbov,Sergei(2001)."TheEndofWorldPopulationGrowth"(PDF).Nature.412(6846):543–545.Bibcode:2001Natur.412..543L.doi:10.1038/35087589.PMID 11484054.S2CID 4425080. ^Ojovan,M.I.;Loshchinin,M.B.(2015)."HeuristicParadoxesofS.P.KapitzaTheoreticalDemography".EuropeanResearcher.92(3):237–248.doi:10.13187/er.2015.92.237. ^"worlddemographictrends".gsociology.icaap.org.Retrieved18July2019. ^ab"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon30March2009.Retrieved7April2009.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Knudsen,Lara(2006).ReproductiveRightsinaGlobalContext.VanderbiltUniversityPress.pp. 2.ISBN 978-0-8265-1528-5.reproductiverights. ^Knudsen,Lara(2006).ReproductiveRightsinaGlobalContext.VanderbiltUniversityPress.pp. 4–5.ISBN 978-0-8265-1528-5.reproductiverights. Externallinks[edit] UnitedNationsPopulationDivision CICREDhomepageaplatformforinteractionbetweenresearchcentresandinternationalorganizations,suchastheUnitedNationsPopulationDivision,UNFPA,WHOandFAO. PopulationReferenceBureauanalyzesdemographicdataandresearchprovidingobjective,accurate,andup-to-datepopulationinformationinaccessibleformats. CurrentWorldPopulation NECSPHomePage Overpopulation PopulationWorld:PopulationofWorld.Retrieved13February2004. SIEDS,ItalianSocietyofEconomicsDemographyandStatistics UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope–OfficialWebSite WorldPopulationCounter,andseparateregions. WorldPopClock.com.(French) Populationsdumonde.(French) OECDpopulationdata UnderstandingtheWorldTodayReportsaboutworldandregionalpopulationtrends Lee,RonaldDemos(2008)."Population".InDavidR.Henderson(ed.).ConciseEncyclopediaofEconomics(2nd ed.).Indianapolis:LibraryofEconomicsandLiberty.ISBN 978-0-86597-665-8.OCLC 237794267. vteGlobalhumanpopulationMajortopics Biocapacity Demographicsoftheworld Humanoverpopulation Malthusiancatastrophe Humanpopulationplanning Compulsorysterilization Familyplanning One-childpolicy Two-childpolicy Optimumpopulation Population Populationethics Populationgrowth Populationmomentum Sustainabledevelopment Sustainablepopulation Women'sreproductiverights Zeropopulationgrowth Biologicalandrelatedtopics Populationbiology Populationdecline Populationdensity Physiologicaldensity Populationdynamics Populationmodel Populationpyramid Projectionsofpopulationgrowth Populationecology Earth'senergybudget I=P×A ×T Kayaidentity Malthusiangrowthmodel Overshoot(population) World3model Literature AModestProposal ObservationsConcerningtheIncreaseofMankind,PeoplingofCountries,etc. AnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation "HowMuchLandDoesaManNeed?" OperatingManualforSpaceshipEarth PopulationControl:RealCosts,IllusoryBenefits TheLimitstoGrowth ThePopulationBomb TheSkepticalEnvironmentalist TheUltimateResource FatalMisconception Publications PopulationandEnvironment PopulationandDevelopmentReview Lists Populationandhousingcensusesbycountry Metropolitanareasbypopulation Populationmilestonebabies Eventsandorganizations 7BillionActions InternationalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment PopulationActionInternational PopulationConnection PopulationMatters PopulationResearchInstitute UnitedNationsPopulationFund VoluntaryHumanExtinctionMovement WorldPopulationDay WorldPopulationFoundation Relatedtopics Deepecology Fertilityandintelligence GreenRevolution Humanimpactontheenvironment Migration Commons Humanoverpopulation Humanactivitieswithimpactontheenvironment Humanmigration vteListsofcountriesbypopulationstatisticsGlobal Currentpopulation Demographicsoftheworld Continents/subregions Africa Antarctica Asia Europe NorthAmerica Caribbean Oceania SouthAmerica Intercontinental Americas Arabworld CommonwealthofNations Eurasia EuropeanUnion Islands LatinAmerica MiddleEast Cities/urbanareas Worldcities Nationalcapitals Megacities Megalopolises Pastandfuture Pastandfuturepopulation Worldpopulationestimates 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 2015 Populationmilestones Populationdensity Currentdensity Pastandfuturepopulationdensity Currentrealdensitybasedonfoodgrowingcapacity Growthindicators Populationgrowthrate Naturalincrease Birthrate Mortalityrate Fertilityrate Pastfertilityrate Otherdemographics Ageatfirstmarriage Agestructure Dependencyratio Divorcerate Ethnicandculturaldiversitylevel Immigrantpopulation Linguisticdiversity Medianage Netmigrationrate Numberofhouseholds Sexratio Urbanpopulation Urbanization Health Antidepressantconsumption Antiviralmedicationsforpandemicinfluenza HIV/AIDSadultprevalencerate Infantandunder-fivemortalityrates Maternalmortalityrate Lifeexpectancy Obesityrate Pastlifeexpectancy Percentagesufferingfromundernourishment Healthexpenditurebycountrybytypeoffinancing Suiciderate Totalhealthexpenditurepercapita Bodymassindex(BMI) Educationandinnovation BloombergInnovationIndex EducationIndex InternationalInnovationIndex Literacyrate ProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA) ProgrammefortheInternationalAssessmentofAdultCompetencies ProgressinInternationalReadingLiteracyStudy(PIRLS) Studentskills Tertiaryeducationattainment TrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS) WorldIntellectualPropertyIndicators Economic Accesstofinancialservices Developmentaidgiven OfficialDevelopmentAssistancereceived Employmentrate Irrigatedlandarea HumanDevelopmentIndex bycountry inequality-adjusted planetarypressures–adjustedHDI HumanPovertyIndex Imports Incomeequality Labourforce Shareofincomeoftop1% Numberofmillionaires(USdollars) Numberofbillionaires(USdollars) Percentagelivinginpoverty Publicsector Unemploymentrate Listofinternationalrankings Listsbycountry vteHierarchyoflife Biosphere >Biome >Ecosystem >Biocenosis >Population >Organism >Organsystem >Organ >Tissue >Cell >Organelle >Biomolecularcomplex >Macromolecule >Biomolecule vteSustainability Outline History Index Principles Anthropocene Earthsystemgovernance Ecologicalmodernization Environmentalgovernance Environmentalism Globalcatastrophicrisk Humanimpactontheenvironment Planetaryboundaries Socialsustainability Stewardship Sustainabledevelopment Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism EarthOvershootDay Ecologicalfootprint Ethical Over-consumption Simpleliving Steady-stateeconomy Sustainabilityadvertising Sustainabilitybrand Sustainabilitymarketingmyopia Sustainable Systemicchangeresistance Tragedyofthecommons Worldpopulation Birthcontrol Demographictransition Familyplanning Control Women'seducationandempowerment Technology Appropriate Environmental Naturalbuilding Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservationbiology Endangeredspecies Holoceneextinction Invasivespecies Energy Carbonfootprint Climatechangemitigation Conservation Descent Efficiency Electrification Emissionstrading Fossil-fuelphase-out Peakoil Poverty Reboundeffect Renewable Food Civicagriculture Community-supportedagriculture Forestgardening Foodscaping Local Permaculture Security Sustainableagriculture Sustainablefishery Urbanhorticulture Vegetableboxscheme Water Conservation Crisis Efficiency Footprint Reclaimed Accountability Sustainabilityaccounting Sustainabilitymeasurement Sustainabilitymetricsandindices Sustainabilityreporting Standardsandcertification Sustainableyield Applications Organicmovement Advertising Architecture Art Business City Collegeprograms Community Design Ecovillage EducationforSustainableDevelopment Fashion Gardening Geopark Greenmarketing Industries Landscapearchitecture Living Low-impactdevelopment Sustainablemarket Organizations Packaging Practices Procurement Space Tourism Transport Urbandrainagesystems Urbaninfrastructure Urbanism Management Environmental Fisheries Forest Landscape Materials Naturalresource Planetary Waste Agreementsandconferences UNConferenceontheHumanEnvironment(Stockholm1972) BrundtlandtCommissionReport(1983) OurCommonFuture(1987) EarthSummit(1992) RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment(1992) Agenda21(1992) ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(1992) ICPDProgrammeofAction(1994) LisbonPrinciples(1997) KyotoProtocol(1997) EarthCharter(2000) UNMillenniumDeclaration(2000) EarthSummit2002(Rio+10,Johannesburg) UNConferenceonSustainableDevelopment(Rio+20,2012) SustainableDevelopmentGoals(2015) ParisAgreement(2015) UNOceanConference(2017) Category Lists Science Studies Degrees vteEthnicityRelatedconcepts Clan Ethnicgroup Ethnographicgroup Ethnolinguisticgroup Ethnoreligiousgroup Ethnographicrealism Hyphenatedethnicity Indigenouspeoples Ingroupsandoutgroups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minoritygroup Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolicethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnicstudies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber- Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groupsbyregion Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico UnitedStates CentralAmerica Caribbean SouthAmerica Asia CentralAsia EastAsia NorthernAsia SouthAsia SoutheastAsia WestAsia Australia Aboriginalgroups TorresStraitIslanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identityandethnogenesis Cross-raceeffect Culturalassimilation Culturalidentity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnicflag Ethnicoption Ethnicorigin Ethnicreligion Ethnicityincensus Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folkreligion Historical Imaginedcommunity Kinship Legendaryprogenitor Lineage-bondedsociety Mythomoteur Mores Nation-building Nationstate Nationallanguage Nationalmyth Originmyth Pantribalsodality Statistext Tribalname Tribalism Detribalization Neo-Tribalism Urheimat Whiteethnic Multiethnicsociety Consociationalism Culturalappropriation Diasporapolitics Dominantminority Ethnicdemocracy Ethnicenclave Ethnicinterestgroup Ethnicmajority Ethnicmedia Ethnicpornography Ethnicthemepark Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographicfilm Ethnographicvillage Indigenousrights Middlemanminority Minorityrights Modelminority Multinationalstate Ideologyandethnicconflict Allophilia Ethnicbioweapon Ethniccleansing Ethnichatred Ethnicjoke Ethnicnationalism Ethnicpenalty Ethnicslur Ethnicstereotype Ethnicviolence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Separatistmovements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries UnitedStates 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