Unconscious mind - Wikipedia

The unconscious mind (or the unconscious) consists of the processes in the mind which occur automatically and are not available to introspection and include ... Unconsciousmind FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Automaticfacultiesofthemind Theunconsciousmind(ortheunconscious)consistsoftheprocessesinthemindwhichoccurautomaticallyandarenotavailabletointrospectionandincludethoughtprocesses,memories,interests,andmotivations.[1] Eventhoughtheseprocessesexistwellunderthesurfaceofconsciousawareness,theyaretheorizedtoexertaneffectonbehavior.Thetermwascoinedbythe18th-centuryGermanRomanticphilosopherFriedrichSchellingandlaterintroducedintoEnglishbythepoetandessayistSamuelTaylorColeridge.[2][3] Empiricalevidencesuggeststhatunconsciousphenomenaincluderepressedfeelings,automaticskills,subliminalperceptions,andautomaticreactions,[1]andpossiblyalsocomplexes,hiddenphobias,anddesires. TheconceptwaspopularizedbytheAustrianneurologistandpsychoanalystSigmundFreud.Inpsychoanalytictheory,unconsciousprocessesareunderstoodtobedirectlyrepresentedindreams,aswellasinslipsofthetongueandjokes. Thustheunconsciousmindcanbeseenasthesourceofdreamsandautomaticthoughts(thosethatappearwithoutanyapparentcause),therepositoryofforgottenmemories(thatmaystillbeaccessibletoconsciousnessatsomelatertime),andthelocusofimplicitknowledge(thethingsthatwehavelearnedsowellthatwedothemwithoutthinking). Ithasbeenarguedthatconsciousnessisinfluencedbyotherpartsofthemind.Theseincludeunconsciousnessasapersonalhabit,beingunawareandintuition.Phenomenarelatedtosemi-consciousnessincludeawakening,implicitmemory,subliminalmessages,trances,hypnagogiaandhypnosis.Whilesleep,sleepwalking,dreaming,deliriumandcomasmaysignalthepresenceofunconsciousprocesses,theseprocessesareseenassymptomsratherthantheunconsciousminditself. Somecriticshavedoubtedtheexistenceoftheunconscious.[4][5][6] Contents 1Historicaloverview 2Psychology 2.1Freud'sview 2.2Jung'sview 3Controversy 4Dreams 4.1Freud 4.2Opposingtheories 5Contemporarycognitivepsychology 5.1Research 5.2Unconsciousprocessingofinformationaboutfrequency 6Seealso 7Notes 8References 9Externallinks Historicaloverview[edit] Theterm"unconscious"(German:Unbewusste)wascoinedbythe18th-centuryGermanRomanticphilosopherFriedrichSchelling(inhisSystemofTranscendentalIdealism,ch.6,§3)andlaterintroducedintoEnglishbythepoetandessayistSamuelTaylorColeridge(inhisBiographiaLiteraria).[2][3]Somerareearlierinstancesoftheterm"unconsciousness"(Unbewußtseyn)canbefoundintheworkofthe18th-centuryGermanphysicianandphilosopherErnstPlatner.[7][8] Influencesonthinkingthatoriginatefromoutsideofanindividual'sconsciousnesswerereflectedintheancientideasoftemptation,divineinspiration,andthepredominantroleofthegodsinaffectingmotivesandactions.Theideaofinternalisedunconsciousprocessesinthemindwasalsoinstigatedinantiquityandhasbeenexploredacrossawidevarietyofcultures.Unconsciousaspectsofmentalitywerereferredtobetween2,500and600BCintheHindutextsknownastheVedas,foundtodayinAyurvedicmedicine.[9][10][11] ParacelsusiscreditedasthefirsttomakementionofanunconsciousaspectofcognitioninhisworkVondenKrankheiten(translatesas"Aboutillnesses",1567),andhisclinicalmethodologycreatedacogentsystemthatisregardedbysomeasthebeginningofmodernscientificpsychology.[12]WilliamShakespeareexploredtheroleoftheunconscious[13]inmanyofhisplays,withoutnamingitassuch.[14][15][16]Inaddition,WesternphilosopherssuchasArthurSchopenhauer,[17][18]BaruchSpinoza,GottfriedLeibniz,JohannGottliebFichte,GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel,EduardvonHartmann,SørenKierkegaard,andFriedrichNietzsche[19]usedthewordunconscious. In1880attheSorbonne,EdmondColsenetdefendedaphilosophythesisontheunconscious.[20]ElieRabierandAlfredFouilleeperformedsynthesesoftheunconscious"atatimewhenFreudwasnotinterestedintheconcept".[21] Psychology[edit] PsychologistJacquesVanRillaerpointsoutthattheunconsciouswasnotdiscoveredbyFreud.In1890,whenpsychoanalysiswasstillunheardof,WilliamJames,inhismonumentaltreatiseonpsychology(ThePrinciplesofPsychology),examinedthewaySchopenhauer,vonHartmann,Janet,Binetandothershadusedtheterm'unconscious'and'subconscious.'"[22]HistorianofpsychologyMarkAltschuleobservesthat"Itisdifficult—orperhapsimpossible—tofindanineteenth-centurypsychologistorpsychiatristwhodidnotrecognizeunconsciouscerebrationasnotonlyrealbutofthehighestimportance."[23] EduardvonHartmannpublishedabookdedicatedtothetopic,PhilosophyoftheUnconscious,in1869. Furthermore,19thcenturyGermanpsychologists,GustavFechnerandWilhelmWundt,hadbeguntousethetermintheirexperimentalpsychology,inthecontextofmanifold,jumbledsensedatathatthemindorganizesatanunconsciouslevelbeforerevealingitasacogenttotalityinconsciousform."[24] Freud'sview[edit] Anicebergisoften(thoughmisleadingly)[clarificationneeded]usedtoprovideavisualrepresentationofFreud'stheorythatmostofthehumanmindoperatesunconsciously. SigmundFreudandhisfollowersdevelopedanaccountoftheunconsciousmind.Itplaysanimportantroleinpsychoanalysis. Freuddividedthemindintotheconsciousmind(ortheego)andtheunconsciousmind.Thelatterwasthenfurtherdividedintotheid(orinstinctsanddrive)andthesuperego(orconscience).Inthistheory,theunconsciousreferstothementalprocessesofwhichindividualsmakethemselvesunaware.[25]Freudproposedaverticalandhierarchicalarchitectureofhumanconsciousness:theconsciousmind,thepreconscious,andtheunconsciousmind—eachlyingbeneaththeother.Hebelievedthatsignificantpsychiceventstakeplace"belowthesurface"intheunconsciousmind,[26]likehiddenmessagesfromtheunconscious.Heinterpretedsucheventsashavingbothsymbolicandactualsignificance. Inpsychoanalyticterms,theunconsciousdoesnotincludeallthatisnotconscious,butratherwhatisactivelyrepressedfromconsciousthoughtorwhatapersonisaversetoknowingconsciously.Freudviewedtheunconsciousasarepositoryforsociallyunacceptableideas,wishesordesires,traumaticmemories,andpainfulemotionsputoutofmindbythemechanismofpsychologicalrepression.However,thecontentsdidnotnecessarilyhavetobesolelynegative.Inthepsychoanalyticview,theunconsciousisaforcethatcanonlyberecognizedbyitseffects—itexpressesitselfinthesymptom.Inasense,thisviewplacestheconsciousselfasanadversarytoitsunconscious,warringtokeeptheunconscioushidden.Unconsciousthoughtsarenotdirectlyaccessibletoordinaryintrospection,butaresupposedtobecapableofbeing"tapped"and"interpreted"byspecialmethodsandtechniquessuchasmeditation,freeassociation(amethodlargelyintroducedbyFreud),dreamanalysis,andverbalslips(commonlyknownasaFreudianslip),examinedandconductedduringpsychoanalysis.Seeingastheseunconsciousthoughtsarenormallycryptic,psychoanalystsareconsideredexpertsininterpretingtheirmessages.[citationneeded] Freudbasedhisconceptoftheunconsciousonavarietyofobservations.Forexample,heconsidered"slipsofthetongue"toberelatedtotheunconsciousinthattheyoftenappearedtoshowaperson'struefeelingsonasubject.Forexample,"Idecidedtotakeasummercurse".Thisexampleshowsaslipoftheword"course"wherethespeakeraccidentallyusedthewordcursewhichwouldshowthattheyhavenegativefeelingsabouthavingtodothis.Freudnoticedthatalsohispatient'sdreamsexpressedimportantfeelingstheywereunawareof.Aftertheseobservations,heconcludedthatpsychologicaldisturbancesarelargelycausedbypersonalconflictsexistingattheunconsciouslevel.Hispsychoanalytictheoryactstoexplainpersonality,motivationandmentaldisordersbyfocusingonunconsciousdeterminantsofbehavior.[27] Freudlaterusedhisnotionoftheunconsciousinordertoexplaincertainkindsofneuroticbehavior.[28]Thetheoryoftheunconsciouswassubstantiallytransformedbylaterpsychiatrists,amongthemCarlJungandJacquesLacan. Inhis1932/1933conferences,Freud"proposestoabandonthenotionoftheunconsciousthatambiguousjudge".[29] Jung'sview[edit] Mainarticles:CarlJungandCollectiveunconscious CarlGustavJung,aSwisspsychiatrist,developedtheconceptfurther.HeagreedwithFreudthattheunconsciousisadeterminantofpersonality,butheproposedthattheunconsciousbedividedintotwolayers:thepersonalunconsciousandthecollectiveunconscious.Thepersonalunconsciousisareservoirofmaterialthatwasonceconsciousbuthasbeenforgottenorsuppressed,muchlikeFreud'snotion.Thecollectiveunconscious,however,isthedeepestlevelofthepsyche,containingtheaccumulationofinheritedpsychicstructuresandarchetypalexperiences.Archetypesarenotmemoriesbutenergycentersorpsychologicalfunctionsthatareapparentintheculture'suseofsymbols.Thecollectiveunconsciousisthereforesaidtobeinheritedandcontainmaterialofanentirespeciesratherthanofanindividual.[30]Everypersonsharesthecollectiveunconsciouswiththeentirehumanspecies,asJungputsit:"[the]wholespiritualheritageofmankind'sevolution,bornanewinthebrainstructureofeveryindividual".[31] Inadditiontothestructureoftheunconscious,JungdifferedfromFreudinthathedidnotbelievethatsexualitywasatthebaseofallunconsciousthoughts.[32] Controversy[edit] Thenotionthattheunconsciousmindexistsatallhasbeendisputed. FranzBrentanorejectedtheconceptoftheunconsciousinhis1874bookPsychologyfromanEmpiricalStandpoint,althoughhisrejectionfollowedlargelyfromhisdefinitionsofconsciousnessandunconsciousness.[33] Jean-PaulSartreoffersacritiqueofFreud'stheoryoftheunconsciousinBeingandNothingness,basedontheclaimthatconsciousnessisessentiallyself-conscious.SartrealsoarguesthatFreud'stheoryofrepressionisinternallyflawed.PhilosopherThomasBaldwinarguesthatSartre'sargumentisbasedonamisunderstandingofFreud.[4] ErichFrommcontendsthat"Theterm'theunconscious'isactuallyamystification(eventhoughonemightuseitforreasonsofconvenience,asIamguiltyofdoinginthesepages).Thereisnosuchthingastheunconscious;thereareonlyexperiencesofwhichweareaware,andothersofwhichwearenotaware,thatis,ofwhichweareunconscious.IfIhateamanbecauseIamafraidofhim,andifIamawareofmyhatebutnotofmyfear,wemaysaythatmyhateisconsciousandthatmyfearisunconscious;stillmyfeardoesnotlieinthatmysteriousplace:'the'unconscious."[34] JohnSearlehasofferedacritiqueoftheFreudianunconscious.HearguesthattheFreudiancasesofshallow,consciouslyheldmentalstateswouldbebestcharacterizedas'repressedconsciousness,'whiletheideaofmoredeeplyunconsciousmentalstatesismoreproblematic.Hecontendsthattheverynotionofacollectionof"thoughts"thatexistinaprivilegedregionofthemindsuchthattheyareinprincipleneveraccessibletoconsciousawareness,isincoherent.Thisisnottoimplythattherearenot"nonconscious"processesthatformthebasisofmuchofconsciouslife.Rather,Searlesimplyclaimsthattoposittheexistenceofsomethingthatislikea"thought"ineverywayexceptforthefactthatnoonecaneverbeawareofit(cannever,indeed,"think"it)isanincoherentconcept.Tospeakof"something"asa"thought"eitherimpliesthatitisbeingthoughtbyathinkerorthatitcouldbethoughtbyathinker.Processesthatarenotcausallyrelatedtothephenomenoncalledthinkingaremoreappropriatelycalledthenonconsciousprocessesofthebrain.[35] OthercriticsoftheFreudianunconsciousincludeDavidStannard,[5]RichardWebster,[6]EthanWatters,[36]RichardOfshe,[36]andEricThomasWeber.[37] DavidHolmes[38]examinedsixtyyearsofresearchabouttheFreudianconceptof"repression"andconcludedthatthereisnopositiveevidenceforthisconcept.GiventhelackofevidenceformanyFreudianhypotheses,somescientificresearchersproposedtheexistenceofunconsciousmechanismsthatareverydifferentfromtheFreudianones.Theyspeakofa"cognitiveunconscious"(JohnKihlstrom),[39][40]an"adaptiveunconscious"(TimothyWilson),[41]ora"dumbunconscious"(LoftusandKlinger),[42]whichexecutesautomaticprocessesbutlacksthecomplexmechanismsofrepressionandsymbolicreturnoftherepressed,andthe"deepunconscioussystem"ofRobertLangs. Inmoderncognitivepsychology,manyresearchershavesoughttostripthenotionoftheunconsciousfromitsFreudianheritage,andalternativetermssuchas"implicit"or"automatic"havebeenused.Thesetraditionsemphasizethedegreetowhichcognitiveprocessinghappensoutsidethescopeofcognitiveawareness,andshowthatthingsweareunawareofcannonethelessinfluenceothercognitiveprocessesaswellasbehavior.[43][44][45][46][47]Activeresearchtraditionsrelatedtotheunconsciousincludeimplicitmemory(seepriming,implicitattitudes),andnonconsciousacquisitionofknowledge(seeLewicki,seealsothesectiononcognitiveperspectivebelow). Dreams[edit] Freud[edit] Intermsoftheunconscious,thepurposeofdreams,asstatedbyFreud,istofulfillrepressedwishesthroughtheprocessofdreaming,sincetheycannotbefulfilledinreallife.Forexample,ifsomeoneweretorobastoreandtofeelguiltyaboutit,theymightdreamaboutascenarioinwhichtheiractionswerejustifiedandrendersthemblameless.Freudassertedthatthewish-fulfillingaspectofthedreammaybedisguisedduetothedifficultyindistinguishingbetweenmanifestcontentandlatentcontent.Themanifestcontentconsistsoftheplotofadreamatthesurfacelevel.[48]Thelatentcontentreferstothehiddenordisguisedmeaningoftheeventsintheplot.Thelatentcontentofthedreamiswhatsupportstheideaofwishfulfillment.Itrepresentstheintimateinformationinthedreamer'scurrentissuesandchildhoodconflict.[49][50] Opposingtheories[edit] InresponsetoFreud'stheoryondreams,otherpsychologistshavecomeupwiththeoriestocounterhisargument.TheoristRosalindCartwrightproposedthatdreamsprovidepeoplewiththeopportunitytoactoutandworkthrougheverydayproblemsandemotionalissuesinanon-realsettingwithnoconsequences.Accordingtohercognitiveproblemsolvingview,alargeamountofcontinuityexistsbetweenourwakingthoughtandthethoughtsthatexistindreams.Proponentsofthisviewbelievethatdreamsallowparticipationincreativethinkingandalternatewaystohandlesituationswhendealingwithpersonalissuesbecausedreamsarenotrestrainedbylogicorrealism.[50] Inadditiontothis,AllanHobsonandcolleaguescameupwiththeactivation-synthesishypothesiswhichproposesthatdreamsaresimplythesideeffectsoftheneuralactivityinthebrainthatproducesbetabrainwavesduringREMsleepthatareassociatedwithwakefulness.Accordingtothishypothesis,neuronsfireperiodicallyduringsleepinthelowerbrainlevelsandthussendrandomsignalstothecortex.Thecortexthensynthesizesadreaminreactiontothesesignalsinordertotrytomakesenseofwhythebrainissendingthem.However,thehypothesisdoesnotstatethatdreamsaremeaningless,itjustdownplaystherolethatemotionalfactorsplayindeterminingdreams.[50] Contemporarycognitivepsychology[edit] Research[edit] While,historically,thepsychoanalyticresearchtraditionwasthefirsttofocusonthephenomenonofunconsciousmentalactivity,thereisanextensivebodyofconclusiveresearchandknowledgeincontemporarycognitivepsychologydevotedtothementalactivitythatisnotmediatedbyconsciousawareness. Mostofthat(cognitive)researchonunconsciousprocesseshasbeendoneinthemainstream,academictraditionoftheinformationprocessingparadigm.Asopposedtothepsychoanalytictradition,drivenbytherelativelyspeculative(inthesenseofbeinghardtoempiricallyverify)theoreticalconceptssuchastheOedipuscomplexorElectracomplex,thecognitivetraditionofresearchonunconsciousprocessesisbasedonrelativelyfewtheoreticalassumptionsandisveryempiricallyoriented(i.e.,itismostlydatadriven).Cognitiveresearchhasrevealedthatautomatically,andclearlyoutsideofconsciousawareness,individualsregisterandacquiremoreinformationthanwhattheycanconsciouslyrememberandreport.[51]Itisunclearhowmuch,ifany,oftheseprocessescanbeexperienced:Theoverflowhypothesissuggeststhatweexperiencemuchmorethanwhatwecansubsequentlyreport.[52]Thesparsephenomenologyhypothesisformsanopposingview.[53] Muchresearchhasfocusedonthedifferencesbetweenconsciousandunconsciousperception.Thereisevidencethatwhethersomethingisconsciouslyperceiveddependsbothontheincomingstimulus(bottomupstrength)[54]andontop-downmechanismslikeAttention.[55]Recentresearchindicatesthatsomeunconsciouslyperceivedinformationcanbecomeconsciouslyaccessibleifthereiscumulativeevidence.[56]Similarly,contentthatwouldnormallybeconsciouscanbecomeunconsciousthroughinattention(e.g.intheAttentionalblink)orthroughdistractingstimulilikeVisualmasking. Unconsciousprocessingofinformationaboutfrequency[edit] Forexample,anextensivelineofresearchconductedbyHasherandZacks[57]hasdemonstratedthatindividualsregisterinformationaboutthefrequencyofeventsautomatically(i.e.,outsideofconsciousawarenessandwithoutengagingconsciousinformationprocessingresources).Moreover,perceiversdothisunintentionally,truly"automatically",regardlessoftheinstructionstheyreceive,andregardlessoftheinformationprocessinggoalstheyhave.Theabilitytounconsciouslyandrelativelyaccuratelytallythefrequencyofeventsappearstohavelittleornorelationtotheindividual'sage,[58]education,intelligence,orpersonality,thusitmayrepresentoneofthefundamentalbuildingblocksofhumanorientationintheenvironmentandpossiblytheacquisitionofproceduralknowledgeandexperience,ingeneral. Seealso[edit] Philosophyportal Psychologyportal Adaptiveunconscious Consciousness ErnstPlatner Introspectionillusion Listofthoughtprocesses Mind'seye Minimallyconsciousstate Neuroscienceoffreewill Philosophyofmind Preconscious Subconscious Subconscioussex Transpersonalpsychology Unconsciouscognition Unconsciouscommunication Memoryimplantation Books Psyche(1846) ThePhilosophyoftheUnconscious(1869) Notes[edit] ^abWesten,Drew(1999)."TheScientificStatusofUnconsciousProcesses:IsFreudReallyDead?".JournaloftheAmericanPsychoanalyticAssociation.47(4):1061–1106.doi:10.1177/000306519904700404.PMID 10650551.S2CID 207080. ^abBynum;Browne;Porter(1981).TheMacmillanDictionaryoftheHistoryofScience.London.p. 292. ^abChristopherJohnMurray,EncyclopediaoftheRomanticEra,1760-1850(Taylor&Francis,2004:ISBN 1-57958-422-5),pp.1001–02. ^abThomasBaldwin(1995).TedHonderich(ed.).TheOxfordCompaniontoPhilosophy.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.p. 792.ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. ^abSee"TheProblemofLogic",Chapter3ofShrinkingHistory:OnFreudandtheFailureofPsychohistory,publishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,1980 ^abSee"ExploringtheUnconscious:Self-AnalysisandOedipus",Chapter11ofWhyFreudWasWrong:Sin,ScienceandPsychoanalysis,publishedbyTheOrwellPress,2005 ^ErnstPlatner,PhilosophischeAphorismennebsteinigenAnleitungenzurphilosophischenGeschichte,Vol.1(Leipzig:SchwickertscherVerlag,1793[1776]),p.86. ^AngusNichollsandMartinLiebscher,ThinkingtheUnconscious:Nineteenth-CenturyGermanThought(2010),CambridgeUniversityPress,2010,p.9. ^Alexander,C.N.1990.GrowthofHigherStagesofConsciousness:Maharishi'sVedicPsychologyofHumanDevelopment.C.N.AlexanderandE.J.Langer(eds.).HigherStagesofHumanDevelopment.PerspectivesonHumanGrowth.NewYork,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress ^Meyer-Dinkgräfe,D.(1996).ConsciousnessandtheActor.AReassessmentofWesternandIndianApproachestotheActor'sEmotionalInvolvementfromthePerspectiveofVedicPsychology.PeterLang.ISBN 978-0-8204-3180-2. ^Haney,W.S.II."UnityinVedicaesthetics:theself-interac,theknown,andtheprocessofknowing".AnalectaHusserlianaandWesternPsychology:AComparison'1934. ^Harms,Ernest.,OriginsofModernPsychiatry,Thomas1967ASIN:B000NR852U,p.20 ^TheDesignWithin:PsychoanalyticApproachestoShakespeare:EditedbyM.D.Faber.NewYork:ScienceHouse.1970Ananthologyof33papersonShakespeareanplaysbypsychoanalystsandliterarycriticswhoseworkhasbeeninfluencedbypsychoanalysis ^Meyer-Dinkgräfe,Daniel"Hamlet'sProcrastination:AParalleltotheBhagavad-Gita,inHamletEastWest,editedby.MartaGibinskaandJerzyLimon.Gdansk:TheatrumGedaneseFoundation,1998e,pp.187-195 ^Meyer-Dinkgräfe,Daniel'ConsciousnessandtheActor:AReassessmentofWesternandIndianApproachestotheActor'sEmotionalInvolvementfromthePerspectiveofVedicPsychology.'FrankfurtamMain:PeterLang,1996a.(Series30:Theatre,FilmandTelevision,Vol.67) ^Yarrow,Ralph(July–December1997)."IdentityandConsciousnessEastandWest:thecaseofRussellHoban".JournalofLiterature&Aesthetics.5(2):19–26. ^Ellenberger,H.(1970)TheDiscoveryoftheUnconscious:TheHistoryandEvolutionofDynamicPsychiatryNewYork:BasicBooks,p.542 ^Young,ChristopherandBrook,Andrew(1994)SchopenhauerandFreudquotation:Ellenberger,inhisclassic1970historyofdynamicpsychology.HeremarksonSchopenhauer'spsychologicaldoctrinesseveraltimes,creditinghimforexamplewithrecognizingparapraxes,andurgesthatSchopenhauer"wasdefinitelyamongtheancestorsofmoderndynamicpsychiatry."(1970,p.205).HealsociteswithapprovalFoerster'sinterestingclaimthat"nooneshoulddealwithpsychoanalysisbeforehavingthoroughlystudiedSchopenhauer."(1970,p.542).Ingeneral,heviewsSchopenhauerasthefirstandmostimportantofthemanynineteenth-centuryphilosophersoftheunconscious,andconcludesthat"therecannotbetheslightestdoubtthatFreud'sthoughtechoestheirs."(1970,p.542). ^.FriedrichNietzsche,prefacetothesecondeditionof"TheGayscience"1886 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^Geraskov,EmilAsenov(November1,1994)."Theinternalcontradictionandtheunconscioussourcesofactivity".JournalofPsychology.128(6):625–634.doi:10.1080/00223980.1994.9921290.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril25,2013.Thisarticleisanattempttogivenewmeaningtowell-knownexperimentalstudies,analysisofwhichmayallowustodiscoverunconsciousbehaviorthathassofarremainedunnoticedbyresearchers.ThosestudiesconfirmmanyofthestatementsbyFreud,buttheyalsorevealnewaspectsoftheunconsciouspsychic.ThefirstglobalpsychologicalconceptoftheinternalcontradictionasanunconsciousfactorinfluencinghumanbehaviorwasdevelopedbySigmundFreud.Inhisopinion,thiscontradictionisexpressedinthestrugglebetweenbiologicalinstinctsandtheself. ^Forexample,dreaming:Freudcalleddreamsymbolsthe"royalroadtotheunconscious" ^WayneWeiten(2011).Psychology:ThemesandVariations.CengageLearning.p. 6.ISBN 9780495813101. 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^Connolly,DeborahAnn(1993).Adevelopmentalevaluationoffrequencyinformationinlists,scripts,andstories(M.A.thesis)WilfridLaurierUniversity References[edit] MattFfytche,TheFoundationoftheUnconscious:Schelling,FreudandtheBirthoftheModernPsyche,CambridgeUniversityPress,2011. JonMills,TheUnconsciousAbyss:Hegel'sAnticipationofPsychoanalysis,SUNYPress,2002. JonMills,Underworlds:PhilosophiesoftheUnconsciousfromPsychoanalysistoMetaphysics.Routledge,2014. S.J.McGrath,TheDarkGroundofSpirit:SchellingandtheUnconscious,Taylor&FrancisGroup,2012. 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