Twitch (service) - Wikipedia

Twitch is an American video live streaming service that focuses on video game live streaming, including broadcasts of esports competitions, in addition to ... Twitch(service) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Live-streamingplatform TwitchScreenshot TypeofbusinessSubsidiaryTypeofsiteLivestreaming,streamingvideoPredecessor(s)Justin.tv[1]Area servedWorldwideFounder(s)JustinKanEmmettShearMichaelSeibelKyleVogtKevinLin[1]Key peopleEmmettShear(CEO)SaraClemens(COO)ParentAmazonURLtwitch.tvCommercialYesRegistrationOptionalLaunchedJune 6,2011;10yearsago (2011-06-06)Current statusActive TwitchisanAmericanvideolivestreamingservicethatfocusesonvideogamelivestreaming,includingbroadcastsofesportscompetitions,inadditiontoofferingmusicbroadcasts,creativecontent,and"inreallife"streams.ItisoperatedbyTwitchInteractive,asubsidiaryofAmazon.com,Inc.[2]ItwasintroducedinJune2011asaspin-offofthegeneral-intereststreamingplatformJustin.tv.Contentonthesitecanbeviewedeitherliveorviavideoondemand. ThepopularityofTwitcheclipsedthatofitsgeneral-interestcounterpart.InOctober2013,thewebsitehad45millionuniqueviewers,[3]andbyFebruary2014,itwasconsideredthefourth-largestsourceofpeakInternettrafficintheUnitedStates.Atthesametime,Justin.tv'sparentcompanywasre-brandedasTwitchInteractivetorepresenttheshiftinfocus –Justin.tvwasshutdowninAugust2014.Thatmonth,theservicewasacquiredbyAmazonforUS$970million,[4][5]whichlaterledtotheintroductionofsynergieswiththecompany'ssubscriptionserviceAmazonPrime.TwitchacquiredCursein2016,anoperatorofonlinevideogamingcommunities[6]andintroducedmeanstopurchasegamesthroughlinksonstreamsalongwithaprogramallowingstreamerstoreceivecommissionsonthesalesofgamesthattheyplay. By2015,Twitchhadmorethan100millionviewerspermonth.[7]In2017,TwitchremainedtheleadinglivestreamingvideoserviceforvideogamesintheUS,andhadanadvantageoverYouTubeGaming,whichshutdownitsstandaloneappinMay2019.[8][9][10]AsofFebruary 2020[update],ithad3millionbroadcastersmonthlyand15milliondailyactiveusers,with1.4millionaverageconcurrentusers.[11][12]AsofMay 2018[update],Twitchhadover27,000partnerchannels.[11][13] Contents 1History 1.1Foundingandinitialgrowth(2007–2013) 1.2Growth,YouTubeacquisitionspeculation(2014) 1.3Amazonsubsidiary(2014–present) 2Content 2.1Asateachingtool 2.2Charity 2.3Esports 2.4Professionalsports 2.5Emotes 3Creatorsandaudience 3.1Streamers 3.2Users 3.3Partnerandaffiliateprograms 4Contentmoderationandrestrictions 4.1Copyrightedcontent 4.2Maturecontent 4.3Hatespeechandharassment 5Internetcensorship 6Platformsupport 6.1TwitchDesktopAppandCurseForge 7TwitchCon 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks History Foundingandinitialgrowth(2007–2013) WhenJustin.tvwaslaunchedin2007byJustinKanandEmmettShear,thesitewasdividedintoseveralcontentcategories.Thegamingcategorygrewespeciallyfast,andbecamethemostpopularcontentonthesite.[14]InJune2011,[3]: 40 thecompanydecidedtospinoffthegamingcontentasTwitchTV,inspiredbythetermtwitchgameplay.ItlaunchedofficiallyinpublicbetaonJune6,2011.[15]Sincethen,Twitchhasattractedmorethan35millionuniquevisitorsamonth.[16][17]Twitchhadabout80employeesinJune2013,[18]whichincreasedto100byDecember2013.[3]ThecompanywasheadquarteredinSanFrancisco'sFinancialDistrict.[3] Twitchhasbeensupportedbysignificantinvestmentsofventurecapital,withUS$15millionin2012(ontopofUS$7millionoriginallyraisedforJustin.tv),[19][20]andUS$20millionin2013.[21]Investorsduringthreeroundsoffundraisingleadinguptotheendof2013includedDraperAssociates,BessemerVenturePartnersandThriveCapital.[3]: 40 Inadditiontotheinfluxofventurefunding,itwasbelievedin2013thatthecompanyhadbecomeprofitable.[3]: 40  EspeciallysincetheshutdownofitsdirectcompetitorOwn3d.tvinearly2013,Twitchhasbecomethemostpopulare-sportsstreamingservicebyalargemargin,leadingsometoconcludethatthewebsitehasa"nearmonopolyonthemarket".[22]Competingvideoservices,suchasYouTubeandDailymotion,begantoincreasetheprominenceoftheirgamingcontenttocompete,buthavehadamuchsmallerimpactsofar.[23][24]Asofmid-2013,therewereover43millionviewersonTwitchmonthly,withtheaverageviewerwatchinganhourandahalfaday.[25]ByFebruary2014,TwitchwasthefourthlargestsourceofInternettrafficduringpeaktimesintheUnitedStates,behindNetflix,Google,andApple.Twitchmadeup1.8%oftotalUSInternettrafficduringpeakperiods.[26] Inlate2013,particularlyduetoincreasingviewership,TwitchhadissueswithlagandlowframeratesinEurope.[27]Twitchhassubsequentlyaddednewserversintheregion.[28]Alsoinordertoaddresstheseproblems,Twitchimplementedanewvideosystemshowntobemoreefficientthantheprevioussystem.Initially,thenewvideosystemwascriticizedbyusersbecauseitcausedasignificantstreamdelay,interferingwithbroadcaster-viewerinteraction.[29]Twitchstaffsaidthattheincreaseddelaywaslikelytemporaryandatthetime,wasanacceptabletradeoffforthedecreaseinbuffering.[30] Growth,YouTubeacquisitionspeculation(2014) OnFebruary10,2014,Twitch'sparentcompany(Justin.tv,Inc.)wasrenamedTwitchInteractive,reflectingtheincreasedprominenceoftheserviceoverJustin.tvasthecompany'smainbusiness.[31]Thatsamemonth,astreamknownasTwitchPlaysPokémon,acrowdsourcedattempttoplayPokémonRedusingasystemtranslatingchatcommandsintogamecontrols,wentviral.ByFebruary17,thechannelreachedover6.5milliontotalviewsandaveragedconcurrentviewershipbetween60and70thousandviewerswithatleast10%participating.VicePresidentofMarketingMatthewDiPietropraisedthestreamas"onemoreexampleofhowvideogameshavebecomeaplatformforentertainmentandcreativitythatextendsWAYbeyondtheoriginalintentofthegamecreator.Bymergingavideogame,livevideoandaparticipatoryexperience,thebroadcasterhascreatedanentertainmenthybridcustommadefortheTwitchcommunity.Thisisawonderfulproofofconceptthatwehopetoseemoreofinthefuture."[32][33]Beginningwithits2014edition,TwitchwasmadetheofficiallivestreamingplatformoftheElectronicEntertainmentExpo.[34] OnMay18,2014,VarietyfirstreportedthatGooglehadreachedapreliminarydealtoacquireTwitchthroughitsYouTubesubsidiaryforapproximatelyUS$1billion.[35][36][37][38][39] OnAugust5,2014,theoriginalJustin.tvsitesuddenlyceasedoperations,citinganeedtofocusresourcesentirelyonTwitch.[40][41][42]OnAugust6,2014,Twitchintroducedanupdatedarchivesystem,withmulti-platformaccesstohighlightsfrompastbroadcastsbyachannel,higherqualityvideo,increasedserverbackups,andanewVideoManagerinterfaceformanagingpastbroadcastsandcompiling"highlights"frombroadcaststhatcanalsobeexportedtoYouTube.Duetotechnologicallimitationsandresourcerequirements,thenewsystemcontainedseveralregressions;theoptiontoarchivecompletebroadcastsonanindefinitebasis("saveforever")wasremoved,meaningthattheycanonlyberetainedforamaximumof14days,or60forpartnersandTurbosubscribers.Whilecompiledhighlightscanbearchivedindefinitely,theywerelimitedtotwohoursinlength.[43][44]Inaddition,Twitchintroducedacopyrightfingerprintingsystemthatwouldmuteaudioinarchivedclipsifitdetectedacopyrightedsonginthestream. Amazonsubsidiary(2014–present) Twitchboothatthe2018PAXWest. OnAugust25,2014,AmazonacquiredTwitchInteractiveforUS$970millioninanall-cashdeal.[4][5]SourcesreportedthattherumouredGoogledealhadfallenthroughandallowedAmazontomakethebid,withForbesreportingthatGooglehadbackedoutofthedealduetopotentialantitrustconcernssurroundingitanditsexistingownershipofYouTube.[45]TheacquisitionclosedonSeptember25,2014.[46]Take-TwoInteractive,whichowneda2%stakeatthetimeoftheacquisition,madeawindfallof$22million.[47] UnderAmazon,ShearcontinuedaschiefexecutiveofficerofTwitchInteractive,withSaraClemensaddedtotheexecutiveteamaschiefoperatingofficerinJanuary2018.[48]SheartoutedtheAmazonWebServicesplatformasan"attractive"aspectofthedeal,andthatAmazonhad"builtrelationshipswiththebigplayersinmedia",whichcouldbeusedtotheservice'sadvantage—particularlyintherealmofcontentlicensing.ThepurchaseofTwitchmarkedthethirdrecentvideogaming–orientedacquisitionbyAmazon,whichhadpreviouslyacquiredthedevelopersReflexiveEntertainmentandDoubleHelixGames.[49] OnDecember9,2014,TwitchannouncedithadacquiredGoodGameAgency,anorganisationthatownstheesportsteamsEvilGeniusesandAlliance.[50][51]InMarch2015,TwitchresetalluserpasswordsanddisabledallconnectionstoexternalTwitterandYouTubeaccountsaftertheservicereportedthatsomeonehadgained"unauthorisedaccess"totheuserinformationofsomeTwitchusers.[52] InJune2016,Twitchaddedanewfeatureknownas"Cheering",aspecialformofemoticonpurchasedasamicrotransactionusinganin-sitecurrencyknownas"Bits".[53]BitsareboughtusingAmazonPayments,andcheersactasdonationstothechannel.Usersalsoearnbadgeswithinachannelbasedonhowmuchtheyhavecheered.[54] OnAugust16,2016,TwitchacquiredCurse,Inc.,anoperatorofonlinevideogamingcommunitiesandgaming-orientedVoIPsoftware.[6]InDecember2016,GoodGameAgencywasdivestedbyAmazontotheirrespectivemembersduetoconflictofinterestconcerns.[55]OnSeptember30,2016,TwitchannouncedTwitchPrime,aservicewhichprovidespremiumfeaturesthatareexclusivetouserswhohaveanactiveAmazonPrimesubscription.Thisincludedadvertising-freestreaming,monthlyoffersoffreeadd-oncontent("GameLoot"),andgamediscounts.[56]GamesincludedwiththegamelootrewardswereApexLegends,LegendsofRuneterra,FIFAUltimateTeam,TeamfightTactics,MobileLegends:BangBang,DoomEternal,andmore.[57] InDecember2016,Twitchannouncedasemi-automatedchatmoderationtool(AutoMod),whichusesnaturallanguageprocessingandmachinelearningtosetasidepotentiallyunwantedcontentforhumanreview.[58]InFebruary2017,TwitchannouncedtheTwitchGameStore,adigitaldistributionplatformthatwouldexposedigitalpurchasesofgameswithinthesite'sbrowsinginterface.Whenstreaminggamesavailableonthestore,partneredchannelscoulddisplayareferrallinktopurchasethegame—receivinga5%commission.Usersalsoreceiveda"TwitchCrate"oneverypurchase,whichincludedBitsandacollectionofrandomchatemotes.[59][60][61] InAugust2017,TwitchannouncedithadacquiredvideoindexingplatformClipMine.[62] OnAugust20,2018,Twitchannouncedthatitwillnolongerofferadvertising-freeaccesstotheentireservicetoAmazonPrimesubscribers,withthisprivilegerequiringtheseparate"TwitchTurbo"subscriptionoranindividualchannelsubscription.ThisprivilegeendedfornewcustomerseffectiveSeptember14,2018,andforexistingcustomersOctober2018.[63]InOctober2018,TwitchannouncedAmazonBlacksmith,anewextensionallowingbroadcasterstoconfiguredisplaysofproductsassociatedwiththeirstreamswithAmazonaffiliatelinks.[64]OnNovember27,2018,TwitchdiscontinuedtheGameStoreservice,citingthatitdidnotgenerateasmuchadditionalrevenueforpartnersastheyhoped,andnewrevenueopportunitiessuchasAmazonBlacksmith.Usersretainaccesstotheirpurchasedgames.[65] TwitchacquiredtheInternetGamesDatabase(IGDB),auser-drivenwebsitesimilarinfunctionalitytoInternetMovieDatabase(IMDb)tocatalogdetailsofvideogamesinSeptember2019.Twitchplanstousethedatabaseservicetoimproveitsowninternalsearchfeaturesandhelpusersfindgamestheyareinterestedin.[66]OnSeptember26,2019,Twitchunveiledanewlogoandupdatedsitedesign.Thedesignisaccompaniedbyanewadvertisingcampaign,"You'realreadyoneofus",whichwillseektopromotetheplatform'scommunitymembers.[67]Twitchbegansigningexclusivitydealswithhigh-profilestreamersinDecember2019.[68][69] TwitchintroducedaSafetyAdvisoryCouncilinMay2020,madeupfromstreamers,academics,andthinktanks,withagoaltodevelopguidelinesformoderation,work-lifebalance,andsafeguardingtheinterestsofmarginalizedcommunitiesfortheplatform.[70]InAugust2020,TwitchPrimewasrenamedPrimeGaming,aligningitcloserwiththeAmazonPrimefamilyofservices.[71] InMay2021,Twitchannouncedthatitwouldintroduceover350newtagstocategorizestreams,includingfinertagsforgenderidentity,sexualidentity,anddisabilities,aswellastagsforothertypesofthemes(suchasvirtualstreamers).ThedisabilityandLGBT-orientedtagsweredevelopedinconsultationwiththevideogameaccessibilitycharitiesAbleGamersandSpecialEffect,andtheLGBTorganizationsGLAADandTheTrevorProject.[72] OnOctober6,2021,ananonymoushackerreportedlyleaked"theentirety"ofTwitch,includingitssourcecodeoftheTwitchclientandAPIs,anddetailsofthepayoutsmadetoalmost2.4millionstreamerssinceAugust2019.[73][74]Theuserposteda128GBtorrentlinkto4chanandsaidthattheleak,whichincludessourcecodefromalmost6,000internalGitrepositories,isalso"partone"ofalargerrelease.[73][75][76]Theleakalsoincludeddetailsofplansforadigitalstorefrontunderthecodenameof"Vapor"meanttobeacompetitortoSteamalongwithdetailsonpaymentreceivedbystreamersfortheirworkonTwitch.[77][78][79]Twitchverifiedtheyhadsufferedadataleakwhichtheyattributedtoaservermisconfigurationusedbya"maliciousthirdparty".[80][81]WhileTwitchfoundnoindicationoflogincredentialsorcreditcardinformationtohavebeentakeninthebreach,thecompanyresetallstreamkeysasaprecaution.[82][83] Content Twitchisdesignedtobeaplatformforcontent,includingesportstournaments,personalstreamsofindividualplayers,andgaming-relatedtalkshows.[84]Anumberofchannelsdolivespeedrunning.[85]TheTwitchhomepagecurrentlydisplaysgamesbasedonviewership.[25][86]AsofJune 2018[update],someofthemostpopulargamesstreamedonTwitchareFortnite,LeagueofLegends,Dota2,PlayerUnknown'sBattlegrounds,Hearthstone,OverwatchandCounter-Strike:GlobalOffensivewithacombinedtotalofover356millionhourswatched.[87] Twitchhasalsomadeexpansionsintonon-gamingcontent;suchasinJuly2013,thesitestreamedaperformanceof'Fester'sFeast'fromSanDiegoComic-Con,andonJuly30,2014,electronicdancemusicactSteveAokibroadcastaliveperformancefromanightclubinIbiza.[88][89][90][91]InJanuary2015,Twitchintroducedanofficialcategoryformusicstreams,suchasradioshowsandmusicproductionactivities,andinMarch2015,announcedthatitwouldbecomethenewofficiallivestreamingpartneroftheUltraMusicFestival,anelectronicmusicfestivalinMiami.[92][93] OnOctober28,2015,Twitchlaunchedasecondnon-gamingcategory,"Creative",whichisintendedforstreamsshowcasingthecreationofartisticandcreativeworks.Topromotethelaunch,theservicealsostreamedaneight-daymarathonofBobRoss'TheJoyofPainting.[94]InJuly2016,Twitchlaunched"Socialeating"asabeta;itwasinspiredbytheKoreanphenomenonofMuk-bangandKoreanplayershavingengagedinthepracticeasintermissionsontheirgamingstreams.[95] InMarch2017,Twitchaddedan"IRL"category,whichisdesignedforcontentwithinTwitchguidelinesthatdoesnotfallwithinanyoftheotherestablishedcategoriesonthesite(suchaslifelogs).[96][97]GeekWirereportedthat"whilegameplaystillmakesupthevastmajorityofthecontentbroadcastviaTwitch,the'JustChatting'category—acatch-alltermthatencompassesanythingfromcandidconversationtorealityprogramming—tookthetopspotbyacomfortablemarginoverallinDecember[2019].Whilethecategoryhasbeenontheriseforthelastcoupleofmonths,thiswasthefirsttimethatit’sactuallyachievedNo.1overallforatrackedperiodontheplatform".[98] In2020,ThrillistdescribedTwitchas"talkradiofortheextremelyonline".[99]MichaelEspinosa,forBusinessInsiderin2021,highlightedthat"Twitchdominatesthelivecontentspace,with17billionhourswatchedlastyear(perStreamElements),comparedtoYouTubeGamingLive's10billion(perthecompany).Butthevastmajorityofgamingcontentisstillconsumedon-demand,whereYouTubeistheclearleaderwithover100billionhourswatchedlastyear".[100] Asateachingtool Twitchisoftenusedforvideogametutorials;thenatureofTwitchallowsmassnumbersoflearnerstointeractwitheachhumanotherandtheinstructorinrealtime.[101]Twitchisalsousedforsoftwaredevelopmentlearning,[101]withcommunitiesofusersstreamingprogrammingprojectsandtalkingthroughtheirwork. Charity GamesDoneQuickisabi-annualspeedrunningeventforcharityhostedonTwitch.[102] BroadcastersonTwitchoftenhoststreamspromotingandraisingmoneytowardscharity.By2013,thewebsitehashostedeventswhich,intotal,raisedoverUS$8millionindonationsforcharitablecauses,suchasExtraLife2013.[103]Asof2017,TwitchhasraisedoverUS$75millionindonationsforcharitablecauses.[104]ThebiggestcharityeventofTwitchisZevent,aFrenchprojectcreatedbyAdrienNougaretandAlexandreDouchary,withmorethanUS$10millionraisedforActionContrelaFaiminOctober2021. Esports Seealso:TwitchRivals ESLtournamentshaveairedonJustin.tvandlaterTwitch.tvsince2009.[105]TheplatformhasalsobeenalongtimebroadcasteroftheEvolutionChampionshipSeries.[106][107] TwitchhasbeentheofficialbroadcasteroftheLeagueofLegendsWorldChampionshipsince2012,[108]aswellasotherLeagueofLegendstournamentsorganizedbyRiotGames. Dota2'spremiertournamentTheInternationalhasbeenlivestreamedonTwitchsince2013.[109] TheplatformairsRocketLeaguetournamentsorganizedbyPsyonixsince2016.[110]TheELeaguealsobroadcastseventsonTwitchsince2016.[111][112] TwitchandBlizzardEntertainmentsignedatwo-yeardealinJune2017tomakeTwitchbetheexclusivestreamingbroadcasterofselectBlizzardesportschampionshipevents,withviewersunderTwitchPrimeearningspecialrewardsinvariousBlizzardgames.[113]Twitchalsoreachedadealin2018tobethestreamingpartneroftheOverwatchLeague,withthesitealsoofferingan"All-AccessPass"withexclusivecontent,emotes,andin-gameitemsforOverwatch.[114][115]BlizzardswitchedtorivalplatformYouTubein2020.[116] FortniteBattleRoyalecompetitionshaveairedonTwitchsinceitslaunchin2017,includingtheE32018FortnitePro-Amandthe2019FortniteWorldCup.[117][118] TheNBA2KLeaguehasbeenlivestreamedonTwitchsinceitsinceptionin2018.[119] AstheCOVID-19pandemicsuspendedmotorsportscompetitionsaroundtheworld,severalserieslaunchedsimracingcompetitionswithreal-lifeprofessionaldrivers.SomeserieshadofficialbroadcastsonTwitch,suchasFormulaOneandIMSA.[120]ManydriversalsohadtheirpersonallivestreamsonTwitch,aswasthecaseofseveraleNASCARiRacingProInvitationalSeriesandINDYCARiRacingChallengedrivers.[121][122] Professionalsports InDecember2017,theNationalBasketballAssociationannouncedthatitwouldstreamNBAGLeaguegamesonTwitchstartingonDecember15;thebroadcastsalsoincludeinteractivestatisticsoverlays,aswellasadditionalstreamsofthegameswithcommentarybyTwitchpersonalities.[123]InApril2018,itwasannouncedthatTwitchwouldcarryelevenNationalFootballLeagueThursdayNightFootballgamesfrom2018-2021(from2020andonAlternateaudiobroadcastswereavailabletowatchaspartofanotherrenewfromAmazonandtheleague),aspartoftheleague'srenewedstreamingdealwithAmazonPrimeVideo.Duringthe2017season,thesestreamswereexclusivetoAmazonPrimesubscribers.[124] OnMarch18,2021AmazonsignedanExclusivecontactwiththeNFLallowingTwitchandAmazonprimetostreamalloftheleague’sTNFgames(15total)alongwith1preseasongameperyear,apossibleSaturdaygamelateintheseasonandawildcardsimulcast(ThelateseasonexclusiveSaturdaygamewasaddedduringthe2020and2021seasons) InJanuary2019,professionalwrestlingpromotionImpactWrestlingannouncedthatitwouldstreamitsweeklyshowImpact!onTwitch,insimulcastwiththetelevisionairingontheU.S.cablenetworkPursuitChannel(co-ownedwiththepromotion'sparentcompanyAnthemSports&Entertainment).[125] OnSeptember5,2019,thePremierHockeyFederationannouncedathree-yearbroadcastrightsdealwithTwitch,coveringallgamesandleagueevents.ThedealalsocontainedanagreementwiththePremierHockeyFederationPlayers'Associationforrevenuesharingwithplayers,andmarkedthefirsttimethattheNWHLhadeverreceivedarightsfee.[126]TheNationalWomen'sSoccerLeagueannouncedathree-yeardealinMarch2020forTwitchtostream24matchesper-seasonintheUnitedStatesandCanada,collaborateonoriginalcontent,andserveastherightsholderforallmatchesoutsideoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.[127][128] OnJune20,2020,asanextensionofPrimeVideo'slocalrightstotheleague,aplantoairalloftheremainingmatchesofthe2019–20season(fortheresumptionofplayduetotheCOVID-19pandemicandmatchesbeingplayedbehindcloseddoors),andaplanforsomeofthesematchestobecarriedfree-to-air,itwasannouncedthatTwitchwouldstreamapackageoffourPremierLeaguesoccermatcheswithintheUnitedKingdom.[129][130] OnJuly16,2020,U.S.radiobroadcasterEntercomannouncedapartnershiptostreamvideosimulcastsofprogramsfromsomeoftheirmajor-marketsportstalkstationsonTwitchchannels.[131]OnJuly22,2020,TwitchofficiallylaunchedaSportscategory,primarilyplayinghosttocontentstreamedbysportsleaguesandteamsontheplatform.[132] The2021CopaAméricaassociationfootballtournamentairedinSpainonTwitch,underapartnershipwithGerardPiqué'smediacompanyKosmosandstreamerIbaiLlanos.[133] Emotes Twitchfeaturesalargenumberofemotes.Thereareemotesfreeforallusers,emotesforTurbousers,emotesforTwitchPrimeusers,andemotesforuserswhoaresubscribedtoTwitchpartnersoraffiliates.[134]AsofOctober 2015,[update]KappawasthemostusedemoteonTwitch.[135][136]Twitchpartneredbroadcastersunlockmore"emoteslots"astheygainmoresubscribersuptoamaximumof50emotesperchannel.[137] OnJanuary6,2021,TwitchannouncedthattheyhadremovedthePogChampemote,thethirdmost-usedemoteontheplatformin2018,[138]typicallyusedtoexpressexcitement,joyorshock.[139][140][141]ThedecisionwasmadeinresponsetocommentsfromthestreamerRyan"Gootecks"Gutierrez,thefaceoftheemote,supportingcivilunrestduringthe2021stormingoftheUnitedStatesCapitolforthedeathofaprotestor.[142][143][144][139][145]Twitchplanstoaskthecommunityforasuitablereplacementfortheemoticon.[139][146][145]TwitchlaterannouncedthattherewouldbeanewPogChampemoteevery24hours.[147][148][149][150][151][152]OnFebruary12,TwitchviewerselectedKomodoHypeasthenewpermanentPogChampemote.[153] Creatorsandaudience Streamers Seealso:Parasocialinteraction§ Twitch,andListofmost-followedTwitchchannelsStreamerNinjahadbeenamongTwitch'stoppersonalities,withover14millionfollowers.InAugust2019,however,NinjaannouncedthathewouldmoveexclusivelytoaMicrosoft-ownedcompetitor,Mixer.[154][155][156]AfterNinjaleft,thetopthreestreamersinOctober2019basedonfollowercountwereTfue(7.01millionfollowers),Shroud(6.45millionfollowers)andTSMMyth(5.1millionfollowers).[157]Twitchbegansigningexclusivitydealswithhigh-profilestreamersinDecember2019,startingwithDrLupo,TimTheTatman,andLirik,whohadacombined10.36millionfollowersatthetime.[68]DrDisRespectsignedamulti-yeardealinMarch2020.[69]InMay2020,TwitchsignedpopularstreamersSummit1g,dakotazandJoshOGtomulti-yearexclusivedeals.[158][159]OnJune26,2020,DrDisRespectwasbannedfromTwitchforunexplainedreasonsandhischannelwasremovedfromthesite.[160]FollowingthediscontinuationofMixerinlate-July2020,bothNinjaandShroud(whohadalsodefectedtotheservice)re-signedexclusivelywithTwitch.[161][162][163] AsofMarch 2022[update],therehavebeensixstreamerstohavereachedover100,000concurrentsubscribers.ThesestreamersareNinja,Shroud,Ranboo,LudwigAhgren,CasimitoandIronmouse.[164]InApril2021,BusinessInsiderreportedthat"overthepast31days,Ahgrenhasstreamednon-stopinanattempttobreaktherecordof269,154subscribersheldbygamingpersonalityTyler'Ninja'Blevins.Bytheendofthemonth-longstream,Ahgrenhadover282,000subscribersonhischannel.[...]Atonepointduringhissleepcycle,hischannelhadthemostconcurrentviewersofanyontheplatform".[165]InanalysisoftheOctober2021dataleak,multiplenewsoutletsreportedthatthethreetop-earningTwitchcontentcreatorsareCriticalRole($9,626,712),XQc($8,454,427),andSummit1g($5,847,541).[74][77][78][79][166]SisiJiang,forKotaku,reportedthat"excludingstreamsthatarerunbymultiplepeople(suchasCriticalRole),therearenowomeninthetopthirdoftop-earningTwitchcontentcreators";intotal,thereareonlythreewomeninthetop100andonlyoneisawomanofcolor.Jianghighlightedthatthesestreamersare"ValorantstreamerPokimaneat39thplace,cosplayerAmouranthat48th,andmusicstreamerSinticaat71st"andcommentedthat"inspiteofthecomplaintsaboutthe'hottubmeta,''tittystreamers,'andhowsomemalestreamersperceivethatfemalestreamersarestealingviewsfrommen,thenumbersshowthatonlyasmallpercentageofwomenareamongtheranksofTwitch’shighest-earningcontentcreators".[167] InAugust2021,DrLupoleftTwitchforanexclusivitydealwithYouTube;[168]TimTheTatmanfollowedinSeptember2021,[169][100]asdidLudwigAhgreninNovember2021.[170][171]NathanGrayson,forTheWashingtonPost,commentedthatwhenstreamersmovedtoMixerin2019,Twitchquicklylockeddownmultiplestreamersinexclusivitydeals;however,streamerswhomovedtoMixersawtheiraudiencesundergo"amarkeddownsizing.[...]ItdemonstratedthatmanyviewerswithinTwitch’secosystem,whendeprivedoftheirfavoritebigstreamers,willjustfindotherTwitchstreamerstotaketheirplace.[...]NowTwitchisbargainingfromaplaceofconfidence.Thatallowsittoreevaluatepreviousdealsmadewhenstreamershadmoreleverage".[169]GraysonreportedthatloweroffersfromTwitchcoupledwithTwitch'shigherstreaminghourrequirement("YouTube’scontractsstartat100hoursofstreamingtimepermonthwhileTwitch’sstartat200")hasmadeYouTube'sexclusivitydeals"tantalizing"tosomeTwitchstreamers.Graysonwrotethat"RyanWyatt,headofYouTubeGaming,saidthatallowingstreamerstohaveabetterwork–lifebalanceisabigpriorityforhim";DrLupocitedwork–lifebalanceaspartofhisdecisiontoleaveTwitch.[169] Users Itwasreportedintheearly2010sthatthetypicalTwitchviewerismaleandagedbetween18and34yearsofage,althoughthesitehasalsomadeattemptsatpursuingotherdemographics,includingwomen.[25][86]By2015,Twitchhadmorethan100millionviewerspermonth.[7]In2017,TwitchremainedtheleadinglivestreamingvideoserviceforvideogamesintheUS.[172][173]GeekWirereportedthat"whileTwitch’soverallshareofthestreamingmarkethasbeensteadilydiminishingoverthecourseoftheyear,from67.1percentinDecemberof2018to61percentattheendofthe2019,thesteadygrowthoftheoverallmarketmeansthattheoverallamountofcontentwatchedontheservicehasdonenothingbutincrease".[98]ThejournalarticleWorldofStreaming.MotivationandGratificationonTwitchreportedtheresultsofaTwitchusersurveyin2017.[174]InrankingusermotivationsontheuseofTwitch,usersweremotivated(indescendingorder)towatchTwitch:"tobeentertained","tofollowgamingevents",andto"haveanalternativefortelevision".Motivationsclassifiedas"socialization"and"information"rankedlowerthanmotivationsclassifiedas"entertainment".[174] AsofFebruary 2020[update],ithad3millionbroadcastersmonthlyand15milliondailyactiveusers,with1.4millionaverageconcurrentusers.[11][12]Statista,acompanyspecializinginmarketandconsumerdata,reportedthat"asofMay2020,usersintheirteensandtwentiesaccountedformorethanthree-quartersofTwitch'sactiveappuseraccountsintheUnitedStates.Accordingtorecentdatausersaged20to29years,accountedfor40.6percentofthevideostreamingapp'suserbaseontheAndroidplatform".[175]Theyalsoreportedthatthe"distributionofTwitchusersintheUnitedStatesasof2ndquarter2021"was75%maleand25%female.[176] Twitchallowsanyonetowatchalivebroadcastanddoesnotrequireviewerstologin.[177]Usersalsohavetheoptiontofollowandsubscribe(alsoknownassubbing)tostreamers.Followingisafreeoption,similartootherplatformssuchasInstagramandTwitter,wheretheuserwillseetheirfollowedstreamersonthefrontpageofTwitchwhensignedinandcanreceivenotificationsofspecificbroadcasts.[178][179][180]Subscribingisawayforuserstofinanciallysupportstreamersinexchangeforexclusivebenefitsdeterminedbytheindividualstreamer.[178][179][181]UserswholinktheirTwitchaccounttotheirAmazonPrimeaccountgainaccesstoPrimeGamingwhichincludesonecomplimentaryTwitchsubscriptionpermonththattheusercanassigntothestreameroftheirchoice.[63][71][182]Theaforementioned2017academicsurveystatedthat31.5%ofusers"spentmoneyonTwitch";ofthoseusers,22.6%"donatedtoastreamer",31.6%subscribedtoastreamerand45.8%"didboth".Themajorityoftheseusersstatedthe"mainmotivationistosupportastreamerfinancially".[174]Twitch'sTermsofServicedoesnotallowpeopleunder13yearsofagetouseitsservices.Additionally,peoplewhoareatleast13yearsoldbutbelowtheageofmajorityintheirjurisdiction(18inmostjurisdictions),mayonlyusetheservicesunderthesupervisionorpermissionofaparentorotherlegalguardianwhoagreestoabidetotheTermsofService.[183] Partnerandaffiliateprograms InJuly2011,TwitchlauncheditsPartnerProgram,[184]whichreachedover11,000membersbyAugust2015.[185] SimilartothePartnerProgramofothervideositeslikeYouTube,thePartnerProgramallowspopularcontentproducerstoshareintheadvertisementrevenuegeneratedfromtheirstreams.Additionally,Twitchuserscansubscribetopartneredstreamers'channelsforUS$4.99amonth,oftengrantingtheuseraccesstouniqueemoticons,livechatprivileges,andothervariousperks.TwitchretainsUS$2.49ofeveryUS$4.99channelsubscription,withtheremainingUS$2.50goingdirectlytothepartneredstreamer.[186]Althoughexceptionsweremade,Twitchpreviouslyrequiredthatprospectivepartnershavean"averageconcurrentviewershipof500+",aswellasaconsistentstreamingscheduleofatleastthreedaysaweek.[187]However,sincethelaunchofthe'Achievements'feature,thereisaclearer"PathtoPartnership"withtrackablegoalsforconcurrentviewership,durationandfrequencyofstreams.[188][189] InApril2017,Twitchlaunchedits"AffiliateProgram"thatallowssmallerchannelstogeneraterevenueaswell,alsoannouncingthatitwouldallowchannelsaccesstomulti-pricedsubscriptiontiers.[190][191]TheparticipantsofthisprogramgetsomebutnotallofthebenefitsoftheTwitchPartners.StreamerscanmakeprofitfromcheeringwithBitswhicharepurchasablefromTwitchdirectly.[192]AffiliatesarealsoabletoaccesstheTwitchSubscriptionsfeature,withallthesamefunctionalitythatPartnershaveaccessto,withamaximumoffivesubscriberemotes.[193]InSeptember2019,theserviceannouncedthatAffiliateswouldnowreceiveashareofadrevenue.[194] Advertisingonthesitehasbeenhandledbyanumberofpartners.In2011,TwitchhadanexclusivedealwithFutureUS.[195]OnApril17,2012,TwitchannouncedadealtogiveCBSInteractivetherightstoexclusivelyselladvertising,promotionsandsponsorshipsforthecommunity.[86][196]OnJune5,2013,TwitchannouncedtheformationoftheTwitchMediaGroup,anewin-houseadvertisementsalesteamwhichhastakenoverCBSInteractive'sroleofsellingadvertisements.[17] Foruserswhodonothavead-freeaccesstoachannelorTwitchTurbo,pre-rolladvertising,andmid-rollcommercialbreaksthataremanuallytriggeredbythestreamer,aredisplayedonstreams.InSeptember2020,Twitchannouncedthatitwouldtestautomatedmid-rolladvertisingonstreams,whichcannotbecontrolledbythestreamer.[197] Contentmoderationandrestrictions Copyrightedcontent OnAugust6,2014,Twitchannouncedthatallon-demandvideosonTwitchbecamesubjecttoacousticfingerprintingusingsoftwareprovidedbycontentprotectioncompanyAudibleMagic;ifcopyrightedmusic(particularly,songsplayedbyusersfromoutsideofthegametheyareplaying)isdetected,the30-minuteportionofthevideowhichcontainsthemusicwillbemuted.Livebroadcastswerenotsubjecttothesefilters.[198][199]Asystemwasavailableforthosewhobelievedtheywereinappropriatelyaffectedandhadrightstothemusictheyusedtochallengethefiltering.[200]Twitchofferedaselectionofroyalty-freemusicforstreamerstouse,whichwasexpandeduponlaterinJanuary2015.[92]Theaudiofilteringsystem,alongwiththelackofcommunicationsurroundingthechangesingeneral,provedtobecontroversialamongusers.InaRedditAMA,co-founderEmmettShearadmittedthathisstaffhad"screwedup"andshouldhaveprovidedadvancewarningofthechanges,andpromisedthatTwitchhad"absolutelynointention"ofimplementingaudiofilteringonlivebroadcasts.[201] InJune2020,TwitchreceivedalargewaveofDMCAtakedownnoticesaimedatyear-oldVODsand"clips"(shortsegmentsofstreamsthatcanbecapturedbyusers)thatcontaincopyrightedmusicfrom2017to2019.Twitchcompliedwiththetakedownsandalsoissuedanumberofcopyrightstrikesagainstviewers.ConcernedstreamerswerenotifiedthattheyshouldremoveallVODsandclipsifnotcertaintheydidnotcontaincopyrightedmaterial.Thisprovokedmajorbacklash,bothatthelossofpriorcontentbutalsobasedonviabilityconcernsduetoaninabilitytorevieworevenrapidlydeletecontent.Therewerealsocomplaintsbasedthatstrikeswerebeingissuedonviewer-createdclips,evenwherethestreamer-createdcontentwasdeleted.[202][203][204] OnSeptember15,2020,TwitchsignedalicensingagreementwiththeFrenchperformancesocietySACEM,allowingcomposersandpublisherstocollectroyaltieswhenevertheirmusicisstreamedinFrance.TwitchalreadyhadlicensingdealswiththeAmericansocietiesASCAP,BMI,SESACandGlobalMusicRights.[205] Toaddresstheseissuesandalsobuilduponthegrowthofmusic-basedcontentonTwitch,Twitchintroducedanextensionknownas"Soundtrack"inSeptember2020,whichplaysrights-clearedmusicwithcuratedgenre-basedplaylists.ItiscontainedwithinaseparatestreamthatisnotrecordedwiththeVODs,[206]andhadagreementswith24musicdistributorsandindependentrecordlabelsatlaunch.[207][208][209]AgroupofU.S.performancerightsandmusicassociationsaccusedTwitchofdesigningSoundtrackinsuchawayastoavoidpaymentofmechanicalandsynchronizationlicenses—claimswhichTwitchhasdefended.[210][211] InSeptember2021,TwitchandtheNationalMusicPublishers'Associationsignedacreativepartnership.[212] Maturecontent Twitchusersarenotallowedtostreamanygamethatisrated"AdultsOnly"(AO)intheUnitedStatesbytheEntertainmentSoftwareRatingBoard(ESRB),regardlessofitsratinginanyothergeographicalregion,andanygamethatcontains"overtlysexualcontent"or"gratuitousviolence",orcontentwhichviolatesthetermsofuseofthird-partyservices.[213][214] Twitchhasalsoexplicitlybannedspecificgamesfromstreaming,regardlessofrating;thisincludesgamessuchasBMXXXX,erogevisualnovelgames(suchasDramaticalMurder),HuniePop,RinseandRepeat,SecondLife,andYandereSimulator.[214][215][216][217]ThebanningofYandereSimulatorwascriticizedbyYandereDev,thedeveloperofthegame.Hebelievedthatthegamewasbeingarbitrarilysingledoutwithnoexplanation,asTwitchhasnotbannedothergameswithsimilarlyexcessivesexualorviolentcontentsuchasMortalKombatX,GrandTheftAuto,orTheWitcher3.[216][218] TwitchtooktemporaryactioninMay2019afterchannelsrelatedtothevideogameArtifactbegantobeusedforinappropriatecontent.Artifact,amajorgamebyValve,hadlostmostofitsaudienceinjustmonthsfromitsrelease,andbylateMay2019,severalpopularlivestreamerscommentedthatthetotalviewershipforArtifactstreamshaddroppedtonearzero.Inthedaysthatfollowed,severalstreamersstartedtomakestreamspurportingtobeArtifactgameplaybutwastrollingorotheroff-topiccontent.Initiallythesenewstreamswereplayingwiththeviewersorwerejokes,suchasshowinganimalvideosorLeagueofLegendsmatches.Afterafewdays,otherArtifactchannelstreamsappearedcontainingcontentthatwasagainstthetermsofTwitch'susepolicy,includingfullcopyrightedmovies,pornography,Nazipropaganda,andatleastonestreamthatshowedtheentiretyoftheshooter'svideofromtheChristchurchmosqueshootings.ThetitlesofsuchstreamswereusuallypresentedtoimplytheywereshowingothercontentwhilewaitinginqueueforArtifactmatchesastoappearlegitimate.AswordofthesestreamsintheArtifactsectiongrew,Twitchtookaction,deletingtheaccountthatstreamedtheChristchurchshooting.[219]Twitchthentookstepstotemporarilybannewaccountsfromstreaminguntiltheycanresolvetheissue.[220]ByJune2019,Twitchstartedtakinglegalactionsagainstonehundred"JohnDoe"streamersinaCaliforniacourt,accusingthemoftrademarkinfringement,breachofcontract,fraud,andunlawfuluseoftheservicethatwasharmingandscaringawayusersoftheservice.[221][222] Inearly2021,somestreamsbegantousetheirTwitchchanneltobroadcastthemselvesfromhottubswhilewearingswimsuits.Twitchconsideredthesestreamstobe"notadvertiserfriendly",banningsomeofthemorepredominantchannelsthathadtakenthisroute.InMay2021,Twitchclarifiedina"Pools,HotTubs,andBeaches"postthatitwasnottryingtodiscriminateagainstwomenorothersthroughthisaction,butthroughcontentthattheydeemedtobe"sexuallysuggestive".[223]InJunethatyear,Twitchalsotooksimilaractionagainstusersthatperformedyogawhileatthesametimemadeautonomoussensorymeridianresponse(ASMR)soundsviatheirmicrophones,whichTwitchalsostatedwasapproachingsexualcontent.[224] Hatespeechandharassment InFebruary2018,Twitchupdateditsacceptablecontentpoliciestodirectthatanycontentthatitdeemedhatefulbesuspendedfromitsplatform.[225] InJune2020,anumberofwomensteppedforwardwithaccusationstowardsseveralstreamersonTwitchandotherservicesrelatedtosexualmisconductandharassmentclaims.[226]Twitchstateditwouldreviewallreportedincidentsandcomplywithlawenforcementinanyinvestigativeefforts.However,severalpopularstreamersonTwitch'sservicebelievedthattheplatformcoulddomoretoevaluatetheaccusedindividuals,preventincidents,andprotectothersinthefuture,andusedJune24,2020asaTwitchblackoutday,notstreaminganycontentthroughTwitchtoshowtheirsupport.[227]BytheeveningofJune24,2020,Twitchhadplacedseveralbansontheaccountsofthoseaccusedaftercompletingtheirinvestigation,andstatedinablogposttheywouldbeforwardingadditionaldetailstolawenforcement.[228] TwitchtemporarilysuspendedanaccountbelongingtoPresidentDonaldTrump'scampaignonJune29,2020.Twitchstatedthat"hatefulconductisnotallowed"asthereasonforthesuspension.[229] TwitchannouncedanewpolicytowardsharassmentandhatefulcontentinDecember2020thatwouldtakeeffectonJanuary22,2021,aimedtobetterprotectmarginalizedusersoftheservice.Whilethenewpolicyismorestrict,Twitchsaidthatthisalsoincludesalargerslidingscaleofremediesorpunishmentstobetterdealwithedgecases,suchastemporarilyblockingone'schannelforashorttimeratherthanafullban.Thenewrulesincludeabanon‘racistemotes’,thoughthelistofsuchemotesisnotclarifiedyet,andimagerycontainingtheConfederateFlag.[230]Thenewpolicyincludedbanningwordsthatwereconsideredsexualinsults,suchas"incel"and"virgin"whenusedforharassment.Thebannedwordsincluded"simp",whichraisedcriticismbystreamersandlongtimeviewers.Whileitsslangoriginshavedefined"simp"derogatorilyas"amanwhoinvestsalotoftimeandenergyintowomenwhodon'twanthim",thetermhadbecomecommononTwitchasaninsultrelatedtomenbeingnicetowomenontheserviceorsimplytorefertoapersonwithloyaltytoanother.Twitch,inresponse,clarifiedthatpenaltiesforusingthesetermswouldonlybeenforcediftheywerebeingusedinharassmentofotherusers.[231][232][233][234] OnDecember4,2020,Twitchremovedthe"blindplaythrough"tagduetoconcernsofableismthatitmaybeoffensivetothosewhoarevisuallyimpaired.Suggestionsfornon-offensiveandmoreneutrallabelsinclude"firstplaythrough","undiscovered,"and"nospoilers."[235] ApopularfeatureofTwitchistheabilityto"raid"anotherchannel,wheremultipleusers,coordinatedfromadifferentTwitchchanneloranothersocialmediaservice,alljoinatargetchanneltoprovidesupportandencouragement.Thisistypicallyusedtohelpboostthepopularityofthetargetchannel,particularlyiftheraidisorganizedbyapopularstreamer.Twitchhadofficiallysupportedthistypeofactivitysince2017withtheabilityforastreamertosendalloftheirviewerstoanotherchannelasaraid.[236]However,aroundmid-2021,newtypesof"hateraids"begantooccurwithincreasingfrequencyonTwitch.Inthesecases,numeroususerswouldfloodachannelanditschatwithmessagesofharassmentandhatetowardsthestreamerasaformofcyberbullying.Mostoftheseusersaretypicallyfromautomatedbots,whichmadeitdifficultforchannelmoderatorstodealwiththeamountofmessages.[237]DespitewarningTwitchaboutthesehateraids,Twitchhadshownlittleactiontowardsstoppingthem,leadingnumerousstreamstoorganizea"#ADayOffTwitch"onSeptember1,2021,asaformofprotestinanticipationthatTwitchwillfindwaystotakeactionagainstthem.[238][239]Afteracknowledgingaproblemwithdealingwithhateraids,TwitchlaunchedalawsuitinearlySeptember2021againsttwoindividualstheyhaddeterminedtoberesponsibleformanagingseveralhateraidsafterpermanentlybanningtheiraccounts.[240]AttheendofSeptember2021,Twitchintroducedtoolsforstreamerstobeabletolimitwhomayparticipateintheirchatastopreventhateraids.ThesetoolsallowstreamerstolimitchattothosethathaveverifiedtheirphonenumberoremailwithTwitch,aswellastothosethathavefollowedtheirchannelforaminimumamountoftime.[241] Internetcensorship Mainarticle:InternetcensorshipinChina AsofSeptember20,2018,theTwitchwebsiteisblockedandtheappisblockedfromtheAppleAppStoreinChina.[242] InIndia,TwitchwasreportedlyblockedbyReliance-ownedtelecommunicationcompanyJioaswellasinternetserviceprovidersJioFiberandHathwayinSeptember2020assomeuserswereillegallystreamingmatchesof2020IndianPremierLeagueontheplatform.[243] Platformsupport TwitchCEOEmmettShearhasstatedadesiretosupportawidevarietyofplatforms,statingthattheywantedtobeon"everyplatformwherepeoplewatchvideo".[25]Twitchstreamingappsareavailableformobiledevices,digitalmediaplayersandvideogameconsoles,includingAndroidandiOS,[244]aswellasFireTV,FireHD,AppleTV,PlayStation5,PlayStation4,PlayStation3,XboxSeriesX/S,XboxOne,NintendoSwitchandXbox360videogameconsoles.[245][246][247][248] UserscanstreamtoTwitchfromWindows,Mac,orLinuxoperatingsystems,eitherwithstand-alonesoftwarelikeOBS,throughaplatformlikeEA'sOriginsoftware,[249]Ubisoft'sUplay,[250]orValve'sSteam.[251]GamessuchasEveOnline,[252]PlanetSide2andtheCallofDutyfranchisenowlinkdirectlytoTwitchaswell.[3]: 40 In2013,TwitchreleasedasoftwaredevelopmentkittoallowanydevelopertointegrateTwitchstreamingintotheirsoftware.[253] TwitchDesktopAppandCurseForge TheTwitchDesktopAppreplacedtheCurseClientandCurseLauncherin2017.ItincludesadedicatedbrowserfortheTwitchwebsiteandadditionalfunctionsinheritedfromtheCursesoftware,suchasmodinstallationandmanagementforsupportedgamesviatheCurseForgeservice,andvoicechat.[254]ThesoftwarealsoservesastheclientfortheformerTwitchGameStore.[255] InJune2020,CurseForgewassoldtoOverwolfforanundisclosedsum.ThecurrentmodmanagementintheTwitchclientwillbemovedtoadedicated,thoughnotstandalone,CurseForgeclient.[256][257] TwitchCon Mainarticle:TwitchCon TwitchCon2016 TwitchConisabiannualfanconventiondevotedtoTwitchandthecultureofvideogamestreaming.[258]TheinauguraleventwasheldattheMosconeCenterinSanFranciscofromSeptember25–26,2015.SinceitsinceptionTwitchConhasbeenanannualevent.ThesecondTwitchConwasheldinSanDiegoattheSanDiegoConventionCenterfromSeptember30–October2,2016.[259]ThethirdannualTwitchConwasheldinLongBeachattheLongBeachConventionandEntertainmentCenterfromOctober20–22,2017.[260]ThefourthannualTwitchConwasheldattheSanJoseMcEneryConventionCenterinSanJose,California,fromOctober26–28,2018.[261]In2019,TwitchconexpandedoverseasandhostedtheirfirsteverEuropeaneventinBerlininApril2019,[262]alongsideaNorthAmericaneventlaterinNovember2019inSanDiego.[263]TwitchConhadplannedtohostaneventinAmsterdaminMay2020,butthiswascancelledduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.[264]AnotherTwitchConeventwasplannedinSanDiegoinSeptember2020,[265]butwasalsocancelledduetoCOVID-19.[266] Seealso Listofsocialnetworkingservices References 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Externallinks MediarelatedtoTwitchatWikimediaCommons Officialwebsite vteTwitchChannels Most-followedchannels Livestream DreamSMP Half-LifeVRbuttheAIisSelf-Aware TwitchPlaysPokémon Shows CriticalRole L.A.byNight TheLateNightAlternative ImpactWrestlingTwitchspecials Brands CriticalRoleProductions RiotGames People JustinKan EmmettShear MichaelSeibel KyleVogt EventsByTwitch TwitchCon TwitchRivals Forcharity FriendlyFire GamesDoneQuick ZEvent Related Justin.tv PogChamp TwitchSings vteVideogamelivestreamingservicesServices AfreecaTV Bilibili Caffeine DLive FacebookGaming Steam Twitch YouTubeGaming YY.com Defunct Mixer Smashcast Category vteLiveinternetstreamingservicesLivestreaming AfreecaTV BigoLive BeyondLIVE Bilibili DouYu FacebookLive FC2 Huya IBMCloudVideo KakaoTV Ok.ru PeerTube Showroom TrovoLive Twitch VLive VimeoLivestream YouNow YouTube Paidtelevision AbemaTV AMC+ DirecTVStream FoxtelNow FrndlyTV FuboTV Hotstar HuluwithLiveTV JioTV Paramount+ Philo RiverTV SlingTV STACKTV TVING TVPlayer YouTubeTV Zee5 Free,Ad-supported,Television(FAST) 3ABN+ LocalBTV PeacockFree PlutoTV Puffer SlingFree Stirr Tubi Xumo Discontinued Aereo Hitbox.tv Locast Meerkat Mixer Periscope PlayStationVue TVision Seealso Streamingvideoondemandservices Streamingmedia vteAmazonPeopleCurrent JeffBezos(ExecutiveChairman) AndyJassy(PresidentandCEO) WernerVogels(CTO) Former RickDalzell PaulDavis TonyHsieh ChristopherNorth RamShriram TomSzkutak BrianValentine Facilities ListofAmazonlocations Doppler Day1 HQ2 Spheres Bellevue600 ProductsandservicesSubsidiaries A9.com AbeBooks AlexaInternet AmazonGames DoubleHelixGames AmazonLab126 AmazonPharmacy AmazonRobotics AmazonUniversityEsports AnnapurnaLabs Audible BlinkHome BodyLabs BookDepository BookFinder ComiXology DigitalPhotographyReview Fresh Goodreads GoodreadsChoiceAwards Graphiq IMDb IMDbPro BoxOfficeMojo IMDbTV PillPack Ring Neighbors Shopbop Souq.com Twitch Woot.com Zappos Zoox Cloudcomputing WebServices AMI AmazonAurora Beanstalk CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 EFS ElastiCache EMR Glacier Lambda Lightsail MTurk Neptune ProductAdvertisingAPI RDS Redshift Rekognition Route53 S3 SageMaker SES SNS SimpleDB SQS VPC Services Amazon.com China Alexa Appstore DigitalGameStore Drive FireOS KindleStore Luna Payments Prime Key PrimeMusic PrimeNow PrimePantry PrimeVideo Marketplace Music(Wondery) Silk Wireless Devices Astro Echo Show EchoBuds Fire FireHD FireHDX FireTV Stick Kindle Technology 1-Click Dynamo Obidos Lumberyard Media AmazonGames AmazonPublishing BreakthroughNovelAward BestBooksoftheYear Film&Television AmazonStudios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer KindleDirectPublishing YESNetwork(15%) Retail AmazonBooks AmazonFresh AmazonGo TreasureTruck WholeFoodsMarket Logistics AmazonAir AmazonPrimeAir Former 43Things Askville Amapedia AmieStreet(Songza) CDNow Dashbuttons Dashwand Diapers.com Endless.com FirePhone Lexcycle Liquavista LivingSocial LoveFilm Mobipocket PlanetAll ReflexiveEntertainment Sellaband Shelfari TenMarks Withoutabox Other AmazonLight ASIN CommunityBananaStand Criticism(tax) Fishbowl HistoryofAmazon LibraryThing ListofAmazonbrands ListofAmazonproductsandservices ListofmergersandacquisitionsbyAmazon Locker MacKenzieScott Perfect10,Inc.v.Amazon.com,Inc. 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