Cruelty to animals - Wikipedia

Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, ... Several states have enacted or considered laws in support of humane ... Crueltytoanimals FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Negligentorabusiveactionagainstnon-humananimalbyhumans PartofaseriesonAnimalrights Overview Aroundtheworld History Timeline Animalcruelty Veganism Primaterights inresearch Movement Advocates Vegans Groups Aspects Animal–industrialcomplex Killing Mutilation Wildanimals Consumption Dogs Horses Cats Cattle Bloodsports Bullfighting Hunting Fishing Animaltesting Cosmetic Captivity Zoos Circuses Oceanariums Companionanimals Puppymills Abandonment Ideas Abolitionism Animalprotectionism Carnism Personism Sentiocentrism Speciesism Relatedtopics Environmentalism Radical Deepecology Humanism  Animalsportalvte Amalnourishedhorseeatingataveterinaryclinic ChestX-rayofacatthathasbeenshot.Whitespotsareshotgunpellets. Crueltytoanimals,alsocalledanimalabuse,animalneglectoranimalcruelty,istheinflictionbyomission(neglect)orbycommissionbyhumansofsufferingorharmuponanynon-humananimal.Morenarrowly,itcanbethecausingofharmorsufferingforspecificachievement,suchaskillinganimalsforentertainment;crueltytoanimalssometimesencompassesinflictingharmorsufferingasanendinitself,definedaszoosadism. Divergentapproachestolawsconcerninganimalcrueltyoccurindifferentjurisdictionsthroughouttheworld.Forexample,somelawsgovernmethodsofkillinganimalsforfood,clothing,orotherproducts,andotherlawsconcernthekeepingofanimalsforentertainment,education,research,orpets.Thereareanumberofconceptualapproachestotheissueofcrueltytoanimals. Somethinkthattheanimalwelfarepositionholdsthatthereisnothinginherentlywrongwithusinganimalsforhumanpurposes,suchasfood,clothing,entertainment,funandresearch,butthatitshouldbedoneinawaythatminimizesunnecessarypainandsuffering,sometimesreferredtoas"humane"treatment.[citationneeded]Othershavearguedthatthedefinitionof'unnecessary'varieswidelyandcouldincludevirtuallyallcurrentuseofanimals. Utilitarianadvocatesarguefromthepositionofcostsandbenefitsandvaryintheirconclusionsastotheallowabletreatmentofanimals.Someutilitariansargueforaweakerapproachwhichisclosertotheanimalwelfareposition,whereasothersargueforapositionthatissimilartoanimalrights.Animalrightstheoristscriticizethesepositions,arguingthatthewords"unnecessary"and"humane"aresubjecttowidelydifferinginterpretations,andthatanimalshavebasicrights.Theysaythatmostanimaluseitselfisunnecessaryandacauseofsuffering,sotheonlywaytoensureprotectionforanimalsistoendtheirstatusaspropertyandtoensurethattheyareneverusedasasubstanceorasanon-livingthing. Contents 1Definitionandviewpoints 2Forms 2.1Industrialanimalfarming 2.2Welfareconcernsoffarmanimals 2.3Furindustry 2.4Allegedlinktohumanviolenceandpsychologicaldisorders 2.5Culturalrituals 2.6Televisionandfilmmaking 2.7Circuses 2.8Bullfighting 2.8.1Toroembolado 2.9Rattlesnakeround-ups 2.10Warfare 2.11Unnecessaryscientificexperimentsordemonstrations 2.12Nopetpoliciesandabandonment 3Lawsbycountry 3.1Africa 3.1.1Egypt 3.1.2SouthAfrica 3.1.3SouthSudan 3.2Americas 3.2.1Argentina 3.2.2Brazil 3.2.3Canada 3.2.4Chile 3.2.5Colombia 3.2.6CostaRica 3.2.7Mexico 3.2.8UnitedStates 3.2.8.1Statewelfarelaws 3.2.9Venezuela 3.3Asia 3.3.1Israel 3.3.2China 3.3.3HongKong 3.3.4India 3.3.5Japan 3.3.6Malaysia 3.3.7SaudiArabia 3.3.8SouthKorea 3.3.9Taiwan 3.3.10Thailand 3.4Europe 3.4.1EuropeanUnion 3.4.2France 3.4.3Germany 3.4.4Italy 3.4.5Ireland 3.4.6Portugal 3.4.7Sweden 3.4.8Switzerland 3.4.9Turkey 3.4.10UnitedKingdom 3.5Oceania 3.5.1Australia 3.5.2NewZealand 4Seealso 5References 6Furtherreading Definitionandviewpoints[edit] Mainarticles:AnimalwelfareandAnimalrights Throughouthistory,someindividuals,likeLeonardodaVinciforexample,whooncepurchasedcagedbirdsinordertosetthemfree,[1][2]wereconcernedaboutcrueltytoanimals.Hisnotebooksalsorecordhisangerwiththefactthathumansusedtheirdominancetoraiseanimalsforslaughter.[3]AccordingtocontemporaryphilosopherNigelWarburton,formostofhumanhistorythedominantviewhasbeenthatanimalsarethereforhumanstodowithastheyseefit.[1] RenéDescartesbelievedthatnon-humansareautomata⁠ ⁠— complexmachineswithnosoul,mind,orreason.[4]InCartesiandualism,consciousnesswasuniquetohumanamongallotheranimalsandlinkedtophysicalmatterbydivinegrace.However,closeanalysisshowsthatmanyhumanfeaturessuchascomplexsignusage,tooluse,andself-consciousnesscanbefoundinsomeanimals.[5] CharlesDarwin,bypresentingthetheoryofevolution,revolutionizedthewaythathumansviewedtheirrelationshipwithotherspecies.Darwinbelievedthatnotonlydidhumanbeingshaveadirectkinshipwithotheranimals,butthelatterhadsocial,mentalandmorallivestoo.Later,inTheDescentofMan(1871),hewrote:"Thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenmanandthehighermammalsintheirmentalfaculties."[6] Modernphilosophersandintellectuals,suchasPeterSingerandTomRegan,havearguedthatanimals'abilitytofeelpainashumansdomakestheirwell-beingworthyofequalconsideration.[7]Therearemanyprecursorsofthistrainofthought.JeremyBentham,thefounderofutilitarianism,famouslywroteinhisAnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation(1789):[8] "Thequestionisnot,cantheyreasonnorcantheytalk?but,cantheysuffer?" Theseargumentshavepromptedsometosuggestthatanimals'well-beingshouldenterasocialwelfarefunctiondirectly,notjustindirectlyviaitseffectonlyonhumanwell-being.[9]Manycountrieshavenowformallyrecognizedanimalsentienceandanimalsuffering,andhavepassedanti-crueltylegislationinresponse. Forms[edit] Animalcrueltycanbebrokendownintotwomaincategories:activeandpassive.Passivecrueltyistypifiedbycasesofneglect,inwhichthecrueltyisalackofactionratherthantheactionitself.Oftentimespassiveanimalcrueltyisaccidental,bornofignorance.Inmanycasesofneglectinwhichaninvestigatorbelievesthatthecrueltyoccurredoutofignorance,theinvestigatormayattempttoeducatethepetowner,thenrevisitthesituation.Inmoreseverecases,exigentcircumstancesmayrequirethattheanimalberemovedforveterinarycare.[10] Industrialanimalfarming[edit] Mainarticle:Intensiveanimalfarming PlaymediaFootageofa'QualityAssured'pigfarminEngland PlaymediaCrueltyinapigfarm. Egglayinghensinacrowdedcage. Achickeneggproductionfacility. Farmanimalsaregenerallyproducedinlarge,industrialfacilitiesthathousethousandsofanimalsathighdensities;thesearesometimescalledfactoryfarms.Theindustrialnatureofthesefacilitiesmeansthatmanyroutineproceduresoranimalhusbandrypracticesimpingeonthewelfareoftheanimalsandcouldbeconsideredascruelty,withHenryStephenSaltclaimingin1899that"itisimpossibletotransportandslaughtervastnumbersoflargeandhighly-sensitiveanimalsinareallyhumanemanner".[11] Ithasbeensuggestedthenumberofanimalshunted,keptascompanions,usedinlaboratories,rearedforthefurindustry,raced,andusedinzoosandcircuses,isinsignificantcomparedtofarmanimals,andthereforethe"animalwelfareissue"isnumericallyreducibletothe"farmanimalwelfareissue".[12]Similarly,ithasbeensuggestedbycampaigngroupsthatchickens,cows,pigs,andotherfarmanimalsareamongthemostnumerousanimalssubjectedtocruelty.Forexample,becausemalechickensdonotlayeggs,newlyhatchedmalesareculledusingmaceratorsorgrinders.[13][14]Worldwidemeatoverconsumptionisanotherfactorthatcontributestothemiserablesituationoffarmanimals.[15] Manyundercoverinvestigatorshaveexposedtheanimalcrueltytakingplaceinsidethefactoryfarmingindustryandthereisevidencetoshowthatconsumersprovidedwithaccurateinformationabouttheprocessofmeatproductionsandtheabusethataccompaniesithasledtochangesintheirattitudes.[16] TheAmericanVeterinaryMedicalAssociationacceptsmacerationsubjecttocertainconditions,butrecommendsalternativemethodsofcullingasmorehumane.[17][18]Egg-layinghensarethentransferredto"batterycages"wheretheyarekeptinhighdensities.MathenyandLeahyattributeosteoporosisinhenstothiscagingmethod.[12]Broilerchickenssuffersimilarsituations,inwhichtheyarefedsteroidstogrowatasuper-fastspeed,sofastthattheirbones,heartandlungsoftencannotkeepup.Broilerchickensundersixweeksoldsufferpainfulcripplingduetofastgrowthrates,whilstoneinahundredoftheseveryyoungbirdsdiesofheartfailure.[19] Toreduceaggressioninovercrowdedconditions,shortlyafterbirthpigletsarecastrated,theirtailsareamputated,andtheirteethclipped.[5]Calvesaresometimesraisedinvealcrates,whicharesmallstallsthatimmobilizecalvesduringtheirgrowth,reducingcostsandpreventingmuscledevelopment,makingtheresultingmeatapalecolor,preferredbyconsumers.[12] Animalcrueltysuchassoring,whichisillegal,sometimesoccursonfarmsandranches,asdoeslawfulbutcrueltreatmentsuchaslivestockbranding.SinceAg-gaglawsprohibitvideoorphotographicdocumentationoffarmactivities,thesepracticeshavebeendocumentedbysecretphotographytakenbywhistleblowersorundercoveroperativesfromsuchorganizationsasMercyforAnimalsandtheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStatesposingasemployees.AgriculturalorganizationssuchastheAmericanFarmBureauFederationhavesuccessfullyadvocatedforlawsthattightlyrestrictsecretphotographyorconcealinginformationfromfarmemployers.[20] Welfareconcernsoffarmanimals[edit] Seealso:AnimalslaughterandOverviewofdiscretionaryinvasiveproceduresonanimals Thefollowingarelistsofinvasiveprocedureswhichcausepain,routinelyperformedonfarmanimals,andhousingconditionsthatroutinelycauseanimalwelfareconcerns.InonesurveyofUnitedStateshomeowners,68%ofrespondentssaidtheyconsiderthepriceofmeatamoreimportantissue.[9] Welfareconcernsoffarmanimals Species Invasiveprocedures Housing Broilerchickens Debeaking Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Cattle Branding[21] Castration[22] Dehorning[23] Eartagging[24] Noseringing[25] Restraint[26] Taildocking[27] Tongueresection(calves) Highstockingdensity(feedlots) Restrictedmovement(feedlots) Vealcrates Dairycattle Restraint Artificialinsemination Dehorning Eartagging Taildocking Branding Noseringing Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Separationfrombornchild(calves) Boundedbymilkmachines Domesticturkeys Debeaking Desnooding[a] Detoeing Devocalization Spurremoval Toeclipping Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Dogs Castration Docking Earcropping Earnotching Slaughterbyelectrocution Slaughterbybeating[28] Highstockingdensity[29] Restrictedmovement[28] Ducksandgeese Force-feeding Live-plucking Wingclipping Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Egglayinghens Debeaking Blinders[b] Dubbing[c] Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Goatsandsheep Eartagging Earnotching Dehorning Marking[d] Mulesing[e] Taildocking Teethgrinding[30] Highstockingdensity(finewoolindustry,liveexport) Restrictedmovement(finewoolindustry,liveexport) Horses Castration Branding Chaining Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement Pigs Castration CO2stunning[31] Earcropping Eartagging Earmarking Noseringing Taildocking Tattooing Teethclipping Tusktrimming Gestationcrates Highstockingdensity Restrictedmovement ^'Desnooding'istheremovalofthesnood,afleshyappendageontheforeheadofturkeys. ^'Blinders'or'spectacles'areincludedassomeversionsrequireapintopiercethenasalseptum. ^'Dubbing'istheprocedureofremovingthecomb,wattlesandsometimesearlobesofpoultry.Removingthewattlesissometimescalled"dewattling". ^'Marking'isthesimultaneousmulesing,castrationandtaildockingoflambs. ^'Mulesing'istheremovalofstripsofwool-bearingskinfromaroundthebreech(buttocks)ofasheeptopreventflystrike(myiasis) Furindustry[edit] Afoxinafurfarmcage Animalwelfareactivistssuggestatotalbanonfurproductionduetothesufferinginflictedonanimals,especiallyminks.Ithasbeensuggestedthatfurproductionisimmoralasfurclothesareluxuryitems.Minksaresolitaryandterritorialanimals;however,infurfarms,theyareraisedincagesandskinnedafterbeingkilledeitherbybreakingtheirnecksorusinglethalgas.[32] Allegedlinktohumanviolenceandpsychologicaldisorders[edit] Therearestudiesprovidingevidenceofalinkbetweenanimalcrueltyandviolencetowardshumans.[33][34][35][36]A2009studyfoundthatslaughterhouseemploymentincreasestotalarrestrates,arrestsforviolentcrimes,arrestsforrape,andarrestsforothersexoffensesincomparisonwithotherindustries.[37] Ahistoryoftorturingpetsandsmallanimals,abehaviorknownaszoosadism,isconsideredoneofthesignsofcertainpsychopathologies,includingantisocialpersonalitydisorder,alsoknownaspsychopathicpersonalitydisorder.AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,"[t]heFBIhasfoundthatahistoryofcrueltytoanimalsisoneofthetraitsthatregularlyappearsinitscomputerrecordsofserialrapistsandmurderers,andthestandarddiagnosticandtreatmentmanualforpsychiatricandemotionaldisorderslistscrueltytoanimalsadiagnosticcriterionforconductdisorders."[38]"Asurveyofpsychiatricpatientswhohadrepeatedlytortureddogsandcatsfoundallofthemhadhighlevelsofaggressiontowardpeopleaswell,includingonepatientwhohadmurderedayoungboy."[38]RobertK.Ressler,anagentwiththeFederalBureauofInvestigation'sbehavioralsciencesunit,studiedserialkillersandnoted,"Murdererslikethis(JeffreyDahmer)veryoftenstartoutbykillingandtorturinganimalsaskids."[39] Actsofintentionalanimalcrueltyornon-accidentalinjurymaybeindicatorsofseriouspsychologicalproblems.[40][41]AccordingtotheAmericanHumaneAssociation,13%ofintentionalanimalabusecasesinvolvedomesticviolence.[42]Asmanyas71%ofpet-owningwomenseekingshelteratsafehouseshavereportedthattheirpartnerhadthreatenedand/orhurtorkilledoneormoreoftheirpets;32%ofthesewomenreportedthatoneormoreoftheirchildrenhadalsohurtorkilledpets.Batteredwomenreportthattheyarepreventedfromleavingtheirabusersbecausetheyfearwhatwillhappentotheanimalsintheirabsence.Animalabuseissometimesusedasaformofintimidationindomesticdisputes.[43] CrueltytoanimalsisoneofthethreecomponentsoftheMacdonaldtriad,behaviorconsideredtobeoneofthesignsofviolentantisocialbehaviorinchildrenandadolescents.Accordingtothestudiesusedtoformthismodel,crueltytoanimalsisacommon(butnotuniversal)behaviorinchildrenandadolescentswhogrowuptobecomeserialkillersandotherviolentcriminals.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatchildrenwhoarecrueltoanimalshaveoftenwitnessedorbeenvictimsofabusethemselves.[44]IntwoseparatestudiescitedbytheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates,roughlyone-thirdoffamiliessufferingfromdomesticabuseindicatedthatatleastonechildhadhurtorkilledapet.[45] Culturalrituals[edit] Manytimes,whenAsiaticelephantsarecapturedinThailand,handlersuseatechniqueknownasthetrainingcrush,inwhich"handlersusesleep-deprivation,hunger,andthirstto'break'theelephants'spiritandmakethemsubmissivetotheirowners";moreover,handlersdrivenailsintotheelephants'earsandfeet.[46] Thepracticeofcrueltytoanimalsfordivinationpurposesisfoundinancientcultures,andsomemodernreligionssuchasSanteriacontinuetodoanimalsacrificesforhealingandotherrituals.TaghairmwasperformedbyancientScotstosummondevils. Televisionandfilmmaking[edit] Animalcrueltyhaslongbeenanissuewiththeartformoffilmmaking,withevensomebig-budgetHollywoodfilmsreceivingcriticismforallegedlyharmful—andsometimeslethal—treatmentofanimalsduringproduction.Courtdecisionshaveaddressedfilmsthatharmanimalsuchasvideosthatinpartdepictdogfighting.[47] TheAmericanHumaneAssociation(AHA)hasbeenassociatedwithmonitoringAmericanfilm-makingsinceafterthereleaseofthefilmJesseJames(1939),inwhichahorsewaspushedoffaplankanddrownedinabodyofwaterafterhavingfallen40feetintoit.[48]Initially,monitoringofanimalcrueltywasapartnershipbetweentheAHAandofficialsintheHaysOfficethroughtheMotionPictureProductionCode.Provisionsinthecodediscouraged"apparentcrueltytochildrenandanimals",andbecausetheHaysOfficehadthepowertoenforcethisclause,theAmericanHumaneAssociation(AHA)oftenhadaccesstosetstoassessadherencetoit.However,becausetheAmericanHumaneAssociation'sHollywoodofficedependedontheHaysOfficefortherighttomonitorsets,theclosureoftheHaysOfficein1966correspondedwithanincreaseinanimalcrueltyonmoviesets.[49] Inaddition,otheranimalwelfareorganizationsworldwide,havealsomonitoredtheuseofanimalsinfilm. By1977,athree-yearcontractwasinplacebetweentheScreenActorsGuild(SAG)andtheAmericanFederationofTelevisionandRadioArtistswhichspecifiedthattheAmericanHumaneAssociationshouldbe"consultedintheuseofanimals'whenappropriate'",butthecontractdidnotprovideastructureforwhat"appropriate"meant,andhadnoenforcementpowers.Thiscontractexpiredin1980.[50] OneofthemostinfamousexamplesofanimalcrueltyinfilmwasMichaelCimino'sflopHeaven'sGate(1980),inwhichnumerousanimalswerebrutalizedandevenkilledduringproduction.CiminoallegedlykilledchickensandbledhorsesfromthenecktogathersamplesoftheirbloodtosmearonactorsforHeaven'sGate,andalsoallegedlyhadahorseblownupwithdynamitewhileshootingabattlesequence,theshotofwhichmadeitintothefilm.Thisfilmplayedalargepartinrenewedscrutinyofanimalcrueltyinfilms,andledtorenewedofficialon-setjurisdictiontomonitorthetreatmentofanimalsbytheAHAin1980.[48] AfterthereleaseofthefilmReds(1981),thestaranddirectorofthepicture,WarrenBeattyapologizedforhisSpanishfilmcrew'suseoftripwiresonhorseswhilefilmingabattlescene,whenBeattywasnotpresent.TripwireswereusedagainsthorseswhenRamboIII(1988)andThe13thWarrior(1999)werebeingfilmed.AnoxwasslicednearlyinhalfduringproductionofApocalypseNow(1979),whileadonkeywasbledtodeathfordramaticeffectfortheDanishfilmManderlay(2005),inascenelaterdeletedfromthefilm. CapturedseaturtleatJamestown,Accra,Ghana ThereisacaseofcrueltytoanimalsintheSouthKoreanfilmTheIsle(2000),accordingtoitsdirectorKimKi-Duk.[51]Inthefilm,arealfrogisskinnedalivewhilefisharemutilated.SevenanimalswerekilledforthecamerainthecontroversialItalianfilmCannibalHolocaust(1980).[52]Theimagesinthefilmincludetheslowandgraphicbeheadingandrippingapartofaturtle,amonkeybeingbeheadedanditsbrainsbeingconsumedbynativesandaspiderbeingchoppedapart.CannibalHolocaustwasonlyonefilminacollectiveofsimilarlythemedmovies(cannibalfilms)thatfeaturedunstagedanimalcruelty.TheirinfluenceswererootedinthefilmsofMondofilmmakers,whichsometimescontainedsimilarcontent.Inseveralcountries,suchastheUnitedKingdom,CannibalHolocaustwasonlyallowedforreleasewithmostoftheanimalcrueltyeditedout.[citationneeded] Morerecently,thevideosharingsiteYouTubehasbeencriticizedforhostingthousandsofvideosofreallifeanimalcruelty,especiallythefeedingofoneanimaltoanotherforthepurposesofentertainmentandspectacle.Althoughsomeofthesevideoshavebeenflaggedasinappropriatebyusers,YouTubehasgenerallydeclinedtoremovethem,unlikevideoswhichincludecopyrightinfringement.[53][54] TheScreenActorsGuild(SAG)hascontractedwiththeAmericanHumaneAssociation(AHA)formonitoringofanimaluseduringfilmingorwhileontheset.[55]CompliancewiththisarrangementisvoluntaryandonlyappliestofilmsmadeintheUnitedStates.FilmsmonitoredbytheAmericanHumaneAssociationmaybearoneoftheirend-creditmessages.Manyproductions,includingthosemadeintheUnitedStates,donotadviseAHAorSAGofanimaluseinfilms,sothereisnooversight.[56] vteWorldwidelawsonanimaluseincircuses[57]  Nationwidebanonallanimaluseincircuses  Partialbanonanimaluseincircuses1  Banontheimport/exportofanimalsforcircuses  Nobanonanimaluseincircuses  Unknown1certainanimalsareexcludedorthelawsvaryinternally Simulationsofanimalcrueltyexistontelevision,too.Onthe23September1999editionofWWESmackdown!,aplotlinehadprofessionalwrestlerBigBossMantrickfellowwrestlerAlSnowintoappearingtoeathispetchihuahuaPepper.[58][59] Circuses[edit] Theuseofanimalsinthecircushasbeencontroversialsinceanimalwelfaregroupshavedocumentedinstancesofanimalcrueltyduringthetrainingofperforminganimals.Animalabuseincircuseshasbeendocumentedsuchassmallenclosures,lackofveterinarycare,abusivetrainingmethods,andlackofoversightbyregulatingbodies.[60][61]Animaltrainershavearguedthatsomecriticismisnotbasedonfact,includingbeliefsthatshoutingmakestheanimalsbelievethetrainerisgoingtohurtthem,thatcagingiscruelandcommon,andtheharmcausedbytheuseofwhips,chainsortrainingimplements.[62] Boliviahasenactedwhatanimalrightsactivistscalledtheworld'sfirstbanonallanimalsincircuses.[63] Bullfighting[edit] Abulldyinginabullfight. Bullfightingiscriticizedbyanimalrightsoranimalwelfareactivists,referringtoitasacruelorbarbaricbloodsportinwhichthebullsuffersseverestressandaslow,torturousdeath.[64][65]Anumberofactivistgroupsundertakeanti-bullfightingactionsinSpainandothercountries.InSpanish,oppositiontobullfightingisreferredtoasantitaurismo. TheBulletpointBullfightwarnsthatbullfightingis"notforthesqueamish",advisingspectatorsto"bepreparedforblood".Itdetailsprolongedandprofusebleedingcausedbyhorse-mountedlancers,thechargingbythebullofablindfolded,armoredhorsewhois"sometimesdopedup,andunawareoftheproximityofthebull",theplacingofbarbeddartsbybanderilleros,followedbythematador'sfatalswordthrust.Itstressesthattheseproceduresareanormalpartofbullfightingandthatdeathisrarelyinstantaneous.Itfurtherwarnsthoseattendingbullfightsto"bepreparedtowitnessvariousfailedattemptsatkillingtheanimalbeforeitliesdown."[66] Toroembolado[edit] TheToroJubilo,Madrid,2014. The"ToroJubilo"orToroemboladoinSoria,Medinaceli,Spain,isafestivalassociatedwithanimalcruelty.Duringthisfestival,ballsofpitchareattachedtoabull'shornsandsetonfire.Thebullisthenreleasedintothestreetsandcandonothingbutrunaroundinpain,oftensmashingintowallsinanattempttodousethefire.Thesefieryballscanburnforhours,andtheyburnthebull'shorns,body,andeyes–allwhilespectatorscheerandrunaroundthevictim.TheanimalrightsgroupPACMAhasdescribedthefiestaas"aclearexampleofanimalmistreatment".[67] Rattlesnakeround-ups[edit] MissSnakeCharmer,"HannahSmith,andacowboysnake-handlerTerry"Hollywood"Armstrong,hoistaheftyspecimenatthe2014"World'sLargestRattlesnakeRoundup"inSweetwater,Texas. Rattlesnakeround-ups,alsoknownasrattlesnakerodeos,areannualeventscommonintheruralMidwestandSouthernUnitedStates,wheretheprimaryattractionsarecapturedwildrattlesnakeswhicharesold,displayed,killedforfoodoranimalproducts(suchassnakeskin)orreleasedbackintothewild.Thelargestrattlesnakeround-upintheUnitedStatesisheldinSweetwater,Texas.Heldeveryyearsince1958,theeventcurrentlyattractsapproximately30,000visitorsperyearandin2006eachannualround-upwassaidtoresultinthecaptureof1%ofthestate'srattlesnakepopulation.[68] Rattlesnakeround-upsbecameaconcernbyanimalwelfaregroupsandconservationistsduetoclaimsofanimalcrueltyandexcessivethreatoffutureendangerment.[69][70][71]Inresponse,someround-upsimposecatch-sizerestrictionsorreleasingcapturedsnakesbackintothewild.[72][73] Warfare[edit] Militaryanimalsarecreaturesthathavebeenemployedbyhumankindforuseinwarfare.Theyareaspecificapplicationofworkinganimals.Examplesincludehorses,dogsanddolphins.Onlyrecentlyhastheinvolvementofanimalsinwarbeenquestioned,andpracticessuchasusinganimalsforfighting,aslivingbombs(asintheuseofexplodingdonkeys)orformilitarytestingpurposes(suchasduringtheBikiniatomicexperiments)maynowbecriticisedforbeingcruel.[74] PrincessAnne,thePrincessRoyal,thepatronoftheBritishAnimalsinWarMemorial,statedthatanimalsadapttowhathumanswantthemtodo,butthattheywillnotdothingsthattheydonotwantto,evenwithtraining.[75]AnimalparticipationinhumanconflictwascommemoratedintheUnitedKingdomin2004withtheerectionoftheAnimalsinWarMemorialinHydePark,London.[76] In2008avideoofUSMarineDavidMotarithrowingapuppyoveracliffduringtheIraqconflictwaspopularisedasaninternetphenomenonandattractedwidespreadcriticismofthesoldier'sactionsforbeinganactofcruelty.[77] Unnecessaryscientificexperimentsordemonstrations[edit] vteWorldwidelawsregardingtestingcosmeticsonanimals  Nationwidebanonallcosmetictestingonanimals  Partialbanoncosmetictestingonanimals1  Banonthesaleofcosmeticstestedonanimals  Nobanonanycosmetictestingonanimals  Unknown1somemethodsoftestingareexcludedfromthebanorthelawsvarywithinthecountry Mainarticles:TestingcosmeticsonanimalsandCountriesbanningnon-humanapeexperimentation Underallthreeoftheconceptualapproachestoanimalcrueltydiscussedabove,performingunnecessaryexperimentsordemonstrationsuponanimalsthatcausethemsubstantialpainordistressmaybeviewedascruelty.Duetochangesinethicalstandards,thistypeofcrueltytendstobelesscommontodaythanitusedtobeinthepast.Forexample,schoolroomdemonstrationsofoxygendepletionroutinelysuffocatedbirdsbyplacingthemunderaglasscover,[78]andanimalsweresuffocatedintheCaveofDogs[79][80][81]todemonstratethedensityandtoxicityofcarbondioxidetocurioustravelersontheGrandTour. Nopetpoliciesandabandonment[edit] Mainarticles:OverpopulationindomesticpetsandPetabandonment Manyapartmentcomplexesandrentalhomesinstitutenopetpolicies.Nopetpoliciesarealeadingcauseofanimalabandonment,whichisconsideredacrimeinmanyjurisdictions.Inmanycases,abandonedpetshavetobeeuthanizedduetothestraintheyputonanimalsheltersandrescuegroups.Abandonedanimalsoftenbecomeferalorcontributetoferalpopulations.Inparticular,feraldogscanposeaseriousthreattopets,children,andlivestock.[82] InOntario,Canada,nopetpoliciesareoutlawedundertheOntarioLandlordandTenantActandareconsideredinvalidevenwhenatenantsignsaleasethatincludesanopetsclause.[83]SimilarlegislationhasalsobeenconsideredinManitoba.[84] Lawsbycountry[edit] Mainarticle:Animalrightsbycountryorterritory Manyjurisdictionsaroundtheworldhaveenactedstatuteswhichforbidcrueltytosomeanimalsbutthesevarybycountryandinsomecasesbytheuseorpractice. Africa[edit] Egypt[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareinEgypt Egyptianlawstatesthatanyonewhoinhumanelybeatsorintentionallykillsanydomesticatedanimalmaybejailedorfined.[85]TheEgyptianSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalswasestablishedbytheBritishoverahundredyearsago,andiscurrentlyadministeredbytheEgyptians.TheSPCAwasinstrumentalinpromotinga1997banonbullfightinginEgypt.[86] InancientEgyptianlaw,thekillersofcatsordogswereexecuted.[87][88] SouthAfrica[edit] TheAnimalProtectionActNo71of1962inSouthAfricacovers"farmanimals,domesticanimalsandbirds,andwildanimals,birds,andreptilesthatareincaptivityorunderthecontrolofhumans." TheActcontainsadetailedlistofprohibitedactsofcrueltyincludingoverloading,causingunnecessarysufferingduetoconfinement,chainingortethering,abandonment,unnecessarilydenyingfoodorwater,keepinginadirtyorparasiticcondition,orfailingtoprovideveterinaryassistance.Thereisalsoageneralprovisionprohibitingwanton,unreasonable,ornegligiblecommissionoromissionofactsresultinginunnecessarysuffering.TheDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheriesfor2013/14to2016/17mentionsupdatinganimalprotectionlegislation.[89] TheNSPCAisthelargestandoldestanimalwelfareorganisationinSouthAfricathatenforces90%ofallanimalcrueltycasesinthecountrybymeansofenforcingtheAnimalsProtectionAct. SouthSudan[edit] TheCriminalCodeofSouthSudanhaslawsagainstmaltreatmentofanimals.Thelawsread:[90] 196.Ill-treatmentofDomesticAnimal. Whoevercruellybeats,torturesorotherwisewillfullyill-treatsanytame,domesticorwildanimal,whichhaspreviouslybeendeprivedofitsliberty,orarranges,promotesororganizesfightsbetweencocks,rams,bullsorotherdomesticanimalsorencouragessuchacts,commitsanoffence,anduponconviction,shallbesentencedtoimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingtwomonthsorwitha 197.RidingandNeglectofAnimal. Whoeverwantonlyrides,overdrivesoroverloadsanyanimalorintentionallydrugsoremploysanyanimal,whichbyreasonofage,sickness,woundsorinfirmityisnotinaconditiontowork,orneglectsanyanimalinsuchamannerastocauseitunnecessarysuffering,commitsanoffence,anduponconviction,shallbesentencedtoimprisonmentforatermnotexceedingonemonthorwithafineorwithboth. Americas[edit] Argentina[edit] InArgentina,NationalLaw14346sanctionswithfrom15daystooneyearinprisonthosewhomistreatorinflictactsofcrueltyonanimals.[91] Brazil[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinBrazil Canada[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinCanada InCanada,itisanoffenceundertheCriminalCodetointentionallycauseunnecessarypain,sufferingorinjurytoananimal.[92]Poisoninganimalsisspecificallyprohibited.[92][93]Itisalsoanoffencetothreatentoharmananimalbelongingtosomeoneelse.[94]MostprovincesandTerritoriesalsohavetheirownanimalprotectionlegislation.[95]However,itisnotexplicitlyillegalinCanadianlawtokilladogorcatforconsumption.[96] TheAnimalLegalDefenseFundreleasesanannualreportrankingtheanimalprotectionlawsofeveryprovinceandterritorybasedontheirrelativestrengthandgeneralcomprehensiveness.In2014,thestrongestfourjurisdictionswereManitoba,BritishColumbia,OntarioandNovaScotia.TheweakestfourwereSaskatchewan,NorthwestTerritories,Quebec,andNunavut.[97] Chile[edit] Law20380establishedsanctionsincludingfines,from2to30MensualTributaryUnits,andprison,from541daysto3years,forthoseinvolvedinactsofanimalcruelty.Also,itpromotesanimalcarethroughschooleducation,andestablishesaBioethicsCommitteetodefinepoliciesrelatedtoexperimentswithanimals.[98] AbullfightinBogotá,alegacyofSpanishculture.ThepracticeofbullfightingiscriticizedbynumerousorganizationsinColombia.Itremainslegalinthecountry. Colombia[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalrightsinColombia InColombia,thereislittlecontrolovercruelbehaviorsagainstanimals,andthegovernmenthasproposedthatbullfightingbedeclareda"CulturalHeritage";othercruelactivitieslikecockfightingaregiventhesamelegaltreatment.[99] CostaRica[edit] ToucanGreciawith3Dprintedprostheticbeakafterlosinghalfitsbeak In2017,aftermanyyearsoflegalwrangling,CostaRicapassedtheirAnimalWelfareLaw.Itincludesprisonsentencesof3monthstooneyearforharmingorkillingadomesticatedanimalorforconductinganimalfights.Therearemonetaryfinesforthosewhomistreat,neglectorabandonanimals,forbreedingortraininganimalsforfighting,orviolatingregulationsonanimalexperimentation.Thelawdoesn'tcoveragriculturalpractices,aquaculture,zootechnicalorveterinaryactivities,killingofanimalsforconsumption,forsanitaryorscientificreasons,orforreproductivecontrol.WildanimalsarecoveredundertheWildLifeAct.[100][101] Thebillhadstalleditsmotionthroughthelegislatureuntilaninjuredtoucanwasfoundwhichhadlostthetophalfofitsbeak.Newsandimagesoftheinjuredbird,nownamedGrecia,raisedenoughcontributionstocreatea3Dprintedprosthesisforher,andhelpedspurthebill'sprogress.[102] Mexico[edit] ThecurrentpolicyofMexico,incivillaw,condemnsphysicalharmtoanimalsaspropertydamagetotheownersoftheabusedanimal,consideringtheanimalsasownedproperty. Incriminallaw,thesituationisdifferent.InDecember2012,theLegislativeAssemblyoftheFederalDistrictreformedtheexistingPenalCodeofMexicoCity,establishingabuseandcrueltytoanimalsascriminaloffenses,providedtheanimalsarenotdeemedtobeplaguesorpests.Abandonedanimalsarenotconsideredtobeplagues.Asubsequentreformwasenteredintoforceon31January2013,byadecreepublishedintheOfficialGazetteoftheFederalDistrict.Thelawprovidespenaltiesof6monthsto2yearsimprisonment,andafineof50to100daysatminimumwage,topersonswhocauseobviousinjurytoananimal,andthepenaltyisincreasedbyonehalfofthoseinjuriesendangeritslife.Thepenaltyrisesto2to4yearsofprison,andafineof200to400daysatminimumwage,ifthepersonintentionallycausesthedeathofananimal.[103] Thislawisconsideredtoextendthroughouttherestofthe31constituentstatesofthecountry.Inaddition,TheLawofAnimalProtectionoftheFederalDistrictiswide-ranging,basedonbanning"unnecessarysuffering".Similarlawsnowexistinmoststates.[104] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareintheUnitedStates TheprimaryfederallawrelatingtoanimalcareandconditionsintheUSistheAnimalWelfareActof1966,amendedin1970,1976,1985,1990,2002and2007.ItistheonlyFederallawintheUnitedStatesthatregulatesthetreatmentofanimalsinresearch,exhibition,transport,andbydealers.Otherlaws,policies,andguidelinesmayincludeadditionalspeciescoverageorspecificationsforanimalcareanduse,butallrefertotheAnimalWelfareActastheminimumacceptablestandard.[105] TheAnimalLegalDefenseFundreleasesanannualreportrankingtheanimalprotectionlawsofeverystatebasedontheirrelativestrengthandgeneralcomprehensiveness.In2013'sreport,thetopfivestatesfortheirstronganti-crueltylawswereIllinois,Maine,Michigan,Oregon,andCalifornia.Thefivestateswiththeweakestanimalcrueltylawsin2013wereKentucky,Iowa,SouthDakota,NewMexico,andWyoming.[106] InMassachusettsandNewYork,agentsofhumanesocietiesandassociationsmaybeappointedasspecialofficerstoenforcestatutesoutlawinganimalcruelty.[107] In2004,aFloridalegislatorproposedabanon"crueltytobovines,"stating:"Apersonwho,forthepurposeofpractice,entertainment,orsport,intentionallyfells,trips,orotherwisecausesacowtofallorloseitsbalancebymeansofroping,lassoing,dragging,orotherwisetouchingthetailofthecowcommitsamisdemeanorofthefirstdegree."[108]Theproposaldidnotbecomelaw.[108] IntheUnitedStates,earcropping,taildocking,rodeosports,andotheractsarelegalandsometimescondoned.Penaltiesforcrueltycanbeminimal,ifpursued.Currently,46ofthe50stateshaveenactedfelonypenaltiesforcertainformsofanimalabuse.[109]However,inmostjurisdictions,animalcrueltyismostcommonlychargedasamisdemeanoroffense.InonerecentCaliforniacase,afelonyconvictionforanimalcrueltycouldtheoreticallyneta25-yeartolifesentenceduetotheirthree-strikeslaw,whichincreasessentencesbasedonpriorfelonyconvictions.[110] In2003,WestHollywood,Californiapassedanordinancebanningdeclawingofhousecats.[111]In2007,Norfolk,Virginiapassedlegislationonlyallowingtheprocedureformedicalreasons.[112]However,mostjurisdictionsallowtheprocedure. InApril2013,TexasFederalCourtJudgeSimLakeruled[113]thattheAnimalCrushVideoProhibitionActof2010,whichcriminalizedtherecording,sale,andtransportofvideosdepictinganimalcrueltyasobscenity,isinviolationoftheFirstAmendment.JudgeLakenotedthatobscenitytestsrequireanexplicitlysexualdepiction,whichthecriminalizedvideoslack.ThisfollowstheprecedentsetbyUnitedStatesv.Stevens,whichadditionallyheldthatrestrictionsonthepossessionofanimalcrueltyvideoswereunconstitutional. InNovember2019,PresidentTrumpsignedthePreventingAnimalCrueltyandTortureAct,makingcertainintentionalactsofcrueltytoanimalsfederalcrimescarryingpenaltiesofuptosevenyearsinprison.TheActexpandeduponthe2010AnimalCrushVideoProhibitionActsignedbyPresidentBarackObamathatbannedthecreationanddistributionofvideosthatshowedanimalsbeingcrushed,burned,drowned,suffocated,impaledorsubjectedtootherformsoftorture.Theunderlyingacts,whichwerenotincludedinthe2010bill,arepartofthePACTActandarenowfelonyoffenses.ThebillwasunanimouslypassedinboththeHouseandSenate.[114][115] Statewelfarelaws[edit] Severalstateshaveenactedorconsideredlawsinsupportofhumanefarming. On5November2002,FloridavoterspassedAmendment10byamarginof55%for,amendingtheFloridaConstitutiontobantheconfinementofpregnantpigsingestationcrates.[116] On14January2004,thebillAB-732diedintheCaliforniaAssembly'sAgricultureCommittee.[117]Thebillwouldhavebannedgestationandvealcrates,eventuallybeingamendedtoincludeonlyvealcrates.[118]On9May2007,thebillAB-594waswithdrawnfromtheCaliforniaStateAssembly.ThebillhadbeeneffectivelykilledintheAssemblyAgricultureCommittee,byreplacingthecontentsofthebillwithlanguageconcerningtobaccocessationcoverageunderMedi-Cal.[119]AB-594wasverysimilartothecurrentlanguageofProposition2.[120] On7November2006,ArizonavoterspassedProposition204with62%support.Themeasureprohibitstheconfinementofcalvesinvealcratesandbreedingsowsingestationcrates.[121] On28June2007,OregonGovernorTedKulongoskisignedameasureintolawprohibitingtheconfinementofpigsingestationcrates(SB694,74thLeg.Assembly,RegularSession).[122] InJanuary2008,NebraskaStateSenatebillLB1148,tobantheuseofgestationcratesforpigfarmers,waswithdrawnwithin5daysamidstcontroversy.[123] On14May2008,ColoradoGovernorBillRittersignedintolawabill,SB201,thatphasesoutgestationcratesandvealcrates.[124][125] Venezuela[edit] Venezuelapublisheda"LawforProtectionofDomesticFaunafreeandincaptivity"in2010,definingresponsibilitiesandsanctionsaboutanimalcareandownership.Animalcrueltyactsarefined,butarenotacauseforimprisonment.[126]Thelawalsoforbidsthepossession,breedingandreproductionofpitbulldogs,amongsimilarbreedsthatareallegedtobeaggressiveanddangerous.Itelicitedreactionsfromdogowners,whosaidthataggressivenessindogsisdeterminedmorebytreatmentbytheownerthanbythebreeditself.[127] Asia[edit] Israel[edit] IsraelBannedthesaleoffurtofashionindustryinJune2021,beingthefirstcountryintheworldtodoso[128] China[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinChina Asof2006therewerenolawsinChinagoverningactsofcrueltytoanimals.[129]TherearenogovernmentsupportedcharitableorganizationsliketheRSPCA,whichmonitorsthecasesonanimalcruelty.Allkindsofanimalabuses,suchastofish,tigers,andbears,aretobereportedforlawenforcementandanimalwelfare.[130][131][132][133][134][135] Intheabsenceofaunifiedlawagainstanimalmistreatment,theWorldAnimalProtectionnotesthatsomelegislationprotectingthewelfareofanimalsexistsincertaincontexts,especiallyonesusedinresearchandinzoos.[136] InSeptember2009,legislationwasdraftedtoaddressdeliberatecrueltytoanimalsinChina.Ifpassed,thelegislationwouldoffersomeprotectiontopets,captivewildlifeandanimalsusedinlaboratories,aswellasregulatinghowfarmanimalsareraised,transportedandslaughtered.[137] In2008,thePeople'sRepublicofChinawasintheprocessofmakingchangestoitsstray-dogpopulationlawsinthecapitalcity,Beijing.Mr.ZhengGangwhoisthedirectoroftheInternalandJudicialCommitteewhichcomesundertheBeijingMunicipalPeople'sCongress(BMPC),supportedthedraftoftheBeijingMunicipalRegulationonDogsfromthelocalgovernment.ThelawwouldreplacetheBeijingMunicipalRegulationonDogOwnership,introducedin1989.Theextantregulationtalkedof"strictly"limitingdogownershipandcontrollingthenumberofdogsinthecity.Theproposeddraftfocusedinsteadon"strictmanagementandcombiningrestrictionswithmanagement."[138] HongKong[edit] Asof2010,HongKonghassupplementedorreplacedthelawsagainstcrueltywithapositiveapproachusinglawsthatspecifyhowanimalsshouldbetreated.[139] ThegovernmentdepartmentprimarilyresponsibleforanimalwelfareinHongKongistheAgriculture,FisheriesandConservationDepartment(AFCD). LawsenforcedbytheAFCDincludethese: thePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsOrdinance(alsoenforcedbythepolice) thePublicHealth(AnimalsandBirds)Ordinance(includingregulationsforlicencesimposedonlivestockkeepersandanimaltradersandaCodeofStandardsforLicensedAnimalTraders) theDogsandCatsOrdinance thePoundsOrdinance theRabiesOrdinance theWildAnimalsProtectionOrdinance Inaddition,theFoodandEnvironmentalHygieneDepartment(FEHD)doesthefollowing: enforcesthePublicHealthandMunicipalServicesOrdinance,whichincludesregulationsforslaughterhousesandwetmarkets publishesaCodeofPracticefortheWelfareofFoodAnimals(whichdescribestheirtransport) publishesOperationalGuidelinesfortheWelfareofFoodAnimalsatSlaughterhouses TheDepartmentofHealthdoesthefollowing: enforcestheAnimals(ControlofExperiments)Ordinance. publishesaCodeofPracticefortheCareandUseofAnimalsforExperimentalPurposes Asof2006,HongKonghasalawtitled"PreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsOrdinance",withamaximum3yearimprisonmentandfinesofHKD$200,000.[140] India[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Thereasongivenis:Contains2012informationaboutaproposedactin2011.Wasiteverenacted?.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(August2020) Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinIndia ThePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsAct,1960wasamendedintheyear1982.[141] AccordingtothenewlyamendedIndiananimalwelfareact,2011crueltytoanimalsisanoffenceandispunishablewithafinewhichshallnotbelessthantenthousandRupees,whichmayextendtotwentyfivethousandRupeesorwithimprisonmentuptotwoyearsorbothinthecaseofafirstoffence.Inthecaseofsecondorsubsequentoffence,withafinewhichshallnotbelessthanfiftythousandRupees,butmayextendtoonelakhRupeesandwithimprisonmentwithatermwhichshallnotbelessthanoneyearbutmayextendtothreeyears.[142]ThisamendmentiscurrentlyawaitingratificationfromtheGovernmentofIndia.The1962Actistheonethatispracticedasofnow.Themaximumpenaltyunderthe1962ActisRs.50(under$1).[143] Manyorganizations,includingonessuchasthelocalSPCA,PFAandFosterdoptareactivelyinvolvedinassistingthegeneralpopulationinreportingcrueltycasestothepoliceandhelpingbringtheperpetratortojustice.Duetothis,muchofchangehasbeenobservedthroughthesubcontinent. Japan[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinJapan InJapan,the1973WelfareandManagementofAnimalsAct(amendedin1999and2005)[144]stipulatesthat"nopersonshallkill,injure,orinflictcrueltytoanimalswithoutduecourse",andinparticular,criminalisescrueltytoallmammals,birds,andreptilespossessedbypersons;aswellascattle,horses,goats,sheep,pigs,dogs,cats,pigeons,domesticrabbits,chickens,anddomesticducksregardlessofwhethertheyareincaptivity. Killingorinjuringwithoutduereason:uptooneyear'simprisonmentwithlabororafineofuptoonemillionyen Crueltysuchascausingdebilitationbydiscontinuingfeedingorwateringwithoutduereason:afineofuptofivehundredthousandyen Abandonment:afineofuptofivehundredthousandyen Separatenationalandlocalordinancesexistwithregardstoensuringhealthandsafetyofanimalshandledbypetshopsandotherbusinesses. Animalexperimentsareregulatedbythe2000LawfortheHumaneTreatmentandManagementofAnimals,whichwasamendedin2006.[145]Thislawrequiresthoseusinganimalstofollowtheprinciplesoutlinedinthe3Rsanduseasfewanimalsaspossible,andcauseminimaldistressandsuffering.Regulationisatalocallevelbasedonnationalguidelines,buttherearenogovernmentalinspectionsofinstitutionsandnoreportingrequirementforthenumbersofanimalsused.[146] Malaysia[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinMalaysia SaudiArabia[edit] VeterinarianLanaDunnandseveralSaudinationalsreportthattherearenolawstoprotectanimalsfromcrueltysincethetermisnotwell-definedwithintheSaudilegalsystem.Theypointtoalackofagoverningbodytosuperviseconditionsforanimals,particularlyinpetstoresandintheexoticanimaltradewithEastAfrica.[147] SouthKorea[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareandrightsinSouthKorea SouthKorea'sanimalwelfarelawsareweakbyinternationalstandards.[148] Taiwan[edit] TheTaiwaneseAnimalProtectionActwaspassedin1998,imposingfinesuptoNT$250,000forcruelty.Criminalpenaltiesforanimalcrueltywereenactedin2007,includingamaximumof1yearimprisonment.[149] Thailand[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareinThailand Thailandintroduceditsfirstanimalwelfarelawin2014.TheCrueltyPreventionandWelfareofAnimalAct,B.E.2557(2014)cameintobeingon27December2014.[150][151] Europe[edit] EuropeanUnion[edit] TheEuropeanUnionCouncilDirective1999/74/EC[152]isadirectivepassedbytheEuropeanUnionontheminimumstandardsforkeepingegglayinghenswhicheffectivelybansconventionalbatterycages.Thedirective,passedin1999,bannedconventionalbatterycagesintheEUfrom1January2012aftera13-yearphase-out. ItisalsoillegalinmanypartsofEuropetodeclawacat.[153] France[edit] InFrance,crueltytoanimalsispunishablebyimprisonmentoftwoyearsandafinancialpenalty(30,000€).[154] Germany[edit] Furtherinformation:AnimalwelfareandrightsinGermanyandAnimalwelfareinNaziGermany AGermanstampdepictingamanbeatingachaineddog.Thewordsintheupperleftcornerread"Protecttheanimals". InGermany,killinganimalsorcausingsignificantpain(orprolongedorrepeatedpain)tothemispunishablebyimprisonmentofuptothreeyearsorafinancialpenalty.[155] Iftheanimalisofforeignorigin,theactmayalsobepunishableascriminaldamage.[156] Italy[edit] Actsofcrueltyagainstanimalscanbepunishedwithimprisonment,foraminimumofthreemonthsuptoamaximumofthreeyears,andwithafinerangingfromaminimumof3,000Eurostoamaximumof160,000Euros,asforthelawn°189/2004.[157] Ireland[edit] TheAnimalHealthandWelfareAct2013[158]cameintoforcein2014,improvinganimalprotection.[159]Themaximumpenaltyisupto€250,000andupto5yearsinprison.Sentencesofupto3yearshavebeenimposedinseveralcases.[160] Portugal[edit] Since1October2014,violenceagainstanimalshasbeenacrimeinPortugal.LegislationpublishedintheDiáriodaRepúblicaon29Augustcriminalizesthemistreatmentofanimals,andindicatesthat"thosewho,withoutreasonablecause,inflictpain,suffering,oranyotherhardshiptoacompanionanimalabuse"aretobesubjecttoimprisonmentofuptooneyear.[161]Ifsuchactsresultinthe"deathoftheanimal",the"deprivationofanimportantorganormember",or"seriousandpermanentimpairmentofitscapacityoflocomotion",thoseresponsiblewillbepunishedbyimprisonmentuptotwoyears.[161] Asforpets,thenewlawprovidesthat"whoever,havingthedutytostore,monitororpetwatch,abandonsthem,therebyputtingindangertheirfoodandtheprovisionofcareowed"facesuptosixmonthsimprisonment.[161] Sweden[edit] InSwedencrueltytoanimalsispunishablebyfinancialpenaltyandprisonforupto2years.Theownerwilllosetherighttoownanimalsandtheanimalswillberemovedfromtheowner.[162] Switzerland[edit] TheSwissanimalprotectionlawsareamongthestrictestintheworld,comprehensivelyregulatingthetreatmentofanimalsincludingthesizeofrabbitcages,andtheamountofexercisethatmustbeprovidedtodogs.[163] InthecantonofZurichananimallawyer,AntoineGoetschel,isemployedbythecantongovernmenttorepresenttheinterestsofanimalsinanimalcrueltycases.[164] Turkey[edit] UnderTurkey'sAnimalProtectionLawNo.5199,crueltytoanimalsisconsideredacriminaloffence,punishableuptofouryearsinprison.[165]InJuly2021,Turkeybannedopeningofcircuseswhichuseanimals,anddolphinariums.[166]Existingfacilitieswillceaseoperationsintenyears.[165]HAYTAP,theAnimalRightsFederationinTurkey,usedtobelievethatthepreviouslawdidnotcontainastrongenoughpunishmentforanimalabusers.[167] UnitedKingdom[edit] Mainarticle:AnimalwelfareintheUnitedKingdom IntheUnitedKingdom,crueltytoanimalsisacriminaloffenceforwhichonemaybejailedforupto6months.[168] On18August1911,theHouseofCommonsintroducedtheProtectionofAnimalsAct1911(c.27)followinglobbyingbytheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals(RSPCA).Themaximumpunishmentwas6monthsof"hardlabour"withafineof25pounds.[169] IntheMetropolitanPoliceAct1839"fightingorbaitingLions,Bears,Badgers,Cocks,Dogs,orotherAnimals"wasprohibitedinLondon,withapenaltyofuptoonemonthimprisonment,withpossiblehardlabour,oruptofivepounds.Thelawlaidnumerousrestrictionsonhow,when,andwhereanimalscouldbedriven,wagonsunloaded,etc..Italsoprohibitedownersfromlettingmaddogsrunlooseandgavepolicetherighttodestroyanydogsuspectedofbeingrabidoranydogbittenbyasuspectedrabiddog.Thesamelawprohibitedtheuseofdogsfordrawingcarts.[170] Upuntilthen,dogswereusedfordeliveringmilk,bread,fish,meat,fruit,vegetables,animalfood(thecat's-meatman),andotheritemsforsaleandforcollectingrefuse(therag-and-boneman).[171][172]AsNigelRothfelsnotes,theprohibitionagainstdogspullingcartsinornearLondoncausedmostofthedogstobekilledbytheirowners[173]astheywentfrombeingcontributorstothefamilyincometounaffordableexpenses.Cartdogswerereplacedbypeoplewithhandcarts.[174]About150,000dogswerekilledorabandoned.EricaFudgequotesHildaKean:[173]Attheheartofnineteenth-centuryanimalwelfarecampaignsisthemiddle-classdesirenottobeabletoseecruelty.— HildaKean,AnimalRights,1998[175] TheProtectionofAnimalsAct1911[176]extendedthebanondraftdogstotherestofthekingdom.Asmanyas600,000dogswerekilledorabandoned. TheProtectionofAnimalsAct1911hassincebeenlargelysupersededbytheAnimalWelfareAct2006,[177]whichalsosupersededandconsolidatedmorethan20otherpiecesoflegislation,includingtheProtectionofAnimalsAct1934andtheAbandonmentofAnimalsAct1960.TheActintroducedthenewwelfareoffence,whichmeansthatanimalownershaveapositivedutyofcare,andoutlawsneglectingtoprovidefortheiranimals'basicneeds,suchasaccesstoadequatenutritionandveterinarycare.[178] UndertheCriminalDamageAct1971,domesticanimalscanbeclassedaspropertythatiscapableofbeing"damagedordestroyed".Achargeofcriminaldamagemaybeappropriatefortheinjuryordeathofananimalownedbysomeoneotherthanthedefendant,andprosecutionundertheAnimalWelfareAct2006mayalsobeappropriate.[179][180] Oceania[edit] Australia[edit] InAustralia,allstatesandterritorieshaveenactedlegislationgoverninganimalwelfare.Thelegislationare:[181] AnimalWelfareAct1992(ACT)[182][183] PreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsAct1979(NSW)[184][185] AnimalWelfareAct(NT)[186][187] AnimalCareandProtectionAct2001(Qld)[188][189] AnimalWelfareAct1985(SA)[190][191] AnimalWelfareAct1993(Tas)[192][193] PreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsAct1986(Vic)[194][195] AnimalWelfareAct2002(WA)[196][197] Welfarelawshavebeencriticizedasnotadequatelyprotectinganimals.[198]Whilstpolicemaintainanoveralljurisdictioninprosecutionofcriminalmatters,inmanystatesofficersoftheRSPCAandotheranimalwelfarecharitiesareaccordedauthoritytoinvestigateandprosecuteanimalcrueltyoffenses. 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Furtherreading[edit] Arluke,Arnold.BruteForce:AnimalPoliceandtheChallengeofCruelty,PurdueUniversityPress(15August2004),hardcover,175pages,ISBN 1-55753-350-4.Anethnographicstudyofhumanelawenforcementofficers. Fiber-Ostrow,Pamela,Lovell,JarretS."Behindaveilofsecrecy:animalabuse,factoryfarms,andAg-Gaglegislation."ContemporaryJusticeReview(2016)19(2),230–249. Lea,SuzanneGoodney(2007).DelinquencyandAnimalCruelty:MythsandRealitiesaboutSocialPathology,hardcover,168pages,ISBN 978-1-59332-197-0.Leachallengestheargumentmadebyanimalrightsactiviststhatanimalcrueltyenactedduringchildhoodisaprecursortohuman-directedviolence. MunroH.Thebatteredpet(1999)InF.Ascione&P.Arkow(Eds.)ChildAbuse,DomesticViolence,andAnimalAbuse.WestLafayette,IN:PurdueUniversityPress,199–208.ISBN 1-55753-143-9 Tichelar,Michael."RoyaltyandOppositiontoBloodSportsinTwentieth‐CenturyBritain:FromImperialSpoilstoWildlifeConservation?."History103.357(2018):588–609. vteAbuseTypes Anti-socialbehaviour Bullying Childabuse neglect sexual military marriage Crueltytoanimals Disabilityabuse Domesticabuse Elderabuse Financial Marriage Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutionalabuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professionalabuse Psychologicalabuse Physicalabuse Policebrutality Religiousabuse Sexualabuse Stalking Structuralabuse Verbalabuse more... 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