Stop motion - Wikipedia

Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so ... Stopmotion FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Animationtechniquetomakeaphysicallymanipulatedobjectappeartomoveonitsown Nottobeconfusedwithtimelapse,thecombinationofstillphotographsintoafastmovingvideo. Aclaymodelofachicken,designedtobeusedinaclaystopmotionanimation.[1] Stopmotionisananimatedfilmmakingtechniqueinwhichobjectsarephysicallymanipulatedinsmallincrementsbetweenindividuallyphotographedframessothattheywillappeartoexhibitindependentmotionorchangewhentheseriesofframesisplayedback.Anykindofobjectcanthusbeanimated,butpuppetswithmovablejoints(puppetanimation)orplasticinefigures(clayanimationorclaymation)aremostcommonlyused.Puppets,modelsorclayfiguresbuiltaroundanarmatureareusedinmodelanimation.Stopmotionwithliveactorsisoftenreferredtoaspixilation.Stopmotionofflatmaterialssuchaspaper,fabricsorphotographsisusuallycalledcutoutanimation. Contents 1Terminology 2History 2.11849to1895:Beforefilm 2.21895-1928:Thesilentfilmera 2.2.1SegundodeChomón 2.2.2EdwinS.PorterandWallaceMcCutcheonSr. 2.2.3J.StuartBlackton 2.2.4ÉmileCohl 2.2.5ArthurMelbourne-Cooper 2.2.6AlexanderShiryaev 2.2.7WładysławStarewicz(Russianperiod) 2.2.8WillisO'Brien'searlyfilms 2.2.9HelenaSmithDayton 2.2.10StarewiczinParis 2.2.11Othersilentstopmotion 2.31930sand1940s 2.41950s 2.51960sand1970s 2.61980s 2.71990s 2.821stcentury 3Listofstopmotionartists 4Listofstopmotionfilms 5Variationsofstopmotion 5.1Stereoscopicstopmotion 5.2Gomotion 6Comparisontocomputer-generatedimagery 7Stopmotioninothermedia 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Terminology[edit] Theterm"stopmotion,"relatingtotheanimationtechnique,isoftenspelledwithahyphenas"stop-motion."Bothorthographicalvariants,withandwithoutthehyphen,arecorrect,butthehyphenatedonehasasecondmeaningthatisunrelatedtoanimationorcinema:"adeviceforautomaticallystoppingamachineorenginewhensomethinghasgonewrong"(TheNewShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary,1993edition).[2] History[edit] 1849to1895:Beforefilm[edit] Beforetheadventofchronophotographyin1878,asmallnumberofpicturesequenceswerephotographedwithsubjectsinseparateposes.Thesecannowberegardedasaformofstopmotionorpixilation,butveryfewresultsweremeanttobeanimated. In1849,JosephPlateaupublishedanoteaboutimprovementsforhisFantascope(a.k.a.phénakisticope).Anewtranslucentvariationhadimprovedpicturequalityandcouldbeviewedwithbotheyes,byseveralpeopleatthesametime.PlateaustatedthattheillusioncouldbeadvancedevenfurtherwithanideacommunicatedtohimbyCharlesWheatstone:acombinationofthefantascopeandWheatstone'sstereoscope.Plateauthoughttheconstructionofasequentialsetofstereoscopicimagepairswouldbethemoredifficultpartoftheplanthanadaptingtwocopiesofhisimprovedfantascopetobefittedwithastereoscope.Wheatstonehadsuggestedusingphotographsonpaperofasolidobject,forinstanceastatuette.Plateauconcludedthatforthispurpose16plastermodelscouldbemadewith16regularmodifications.Hebelievedsuchaprojectwouldtakemuchtimeandcarefuleffort,butwouldbewellworthitbecauseoftheexpectedmarvelousresults.[3]Unfortunately,theplanwasneverexecuted,possiblybecausePlateauwasalmostcompletelyblindbythistime. In1852,JulesDuboscqpatenteda"Stéréoscope-fantascopeouBïoscope"(orabbreviatedasstéréofantascope)stroboscopicdisc.Theonlyknownextantdisccontainsstereoscopicphotographpairsofdifferentphasesofthemotionofamachine.Duetothelongexposuretimesnecessarytocaptureanimagewiththephotographicemulsionsoftheperiod,thesequencecouldnotberecordedliveandmusthavebeenassembledfromseparatephotographsofthevariouspositionsofthemachinery. In1855,JohannNepomukCzermak'spublishedanarticleabouthisStereophoroskopandotherexperimentsaimedatstereoscopicmovingimages.Hementionedamethodofstickingneedlesinastroboscopicdiscsothatitlookedlikeoneneedlewasbeingpushedinandoutofthecardboardwhenanimated.Herealizedthatthismethodprovidedbasicallyendlesspossibilitiestomakedifferent3Danimations.Hethenintroducedtwomethodstoanimatestereoscopicpairsofimages,onewasbasicallyastereoviewerusingtwostroboscopicdiscsandtheotherwasmoreorlesssimilartothelaterzoetrope.Czermakexplainedhowsuitablestereoscopicphotographscouldbemadebyrecordingaseriesofmodels,forinstancetoanimateagrowingpyramid.[4] On27February1860,PeterHubertDesvignesreceivedBritishpatentno.537for28monocularandstereoscopicvariationsofcylindricalstroboscopicdevices(muchlikethelaterzoetrope).[5]Desvignes'Mimoscope,receivedanHonourableMention"foringenuityofconstruction"atthe1862InternationalExhibitioninLondon.[6]Desvignes"employedmodels,insectsandotherobjects,insteadofpictures,withperfectsuccess."[7] In1874,JulesJanssenmadeseveralpracticediscsfortherecordingofthepassageofVenuswithhisphotographicrifle.Heusedamodeloftheplanetandalightsourcestandinginforthesun.[8]WhileactualrecordingsofthepassageofVenushavenotbeenlocated,somepracticediscssurvivedandtheimagesofonewereturnedintoashortanimatedfilmdecadesafterthedevelopmentofcinematography. In1887,Étienne-JulesMareycreatedalargezoetropewithaseriesofplastermodelsbasedonhischronophotographsofbirdsinflight.[9] 1895-1928:Thesilentfilmera[edit] Itisestimatedthat80to90percentofallsilentfilmsarelost.[10]Extantcontemporarymoviecatalogs,reviewsandotherdocumentationcanprovidesomedetailsonlostfilms,butthiskindofwrittendocumentationisalsoincompleteandofteninsufficienttoproperlydateallextantfilmsorevenidentifythemiforiginaltitlesaremissing.Possiblestopmotioninlostfilmsisevenhardertotrace.Theprinciplesofanimationandotherspecialeffectsweremostlykeptasecret,notonlytopreventuseofsuchtechniquesbycompetitors,butalsotokeepaudiencesinterestedinthemysteryofthemagictricks.[11] Stopmotioniscloselyrelatedtothestoptrick,inwhichthecameraistemporarilystoppedduringtherecordingofascenetocreateachangebeforefilmingiscontinued(orforwhichthecauseofthechangeiseditedoutofthefilm).Intheresultingfilmthechangewillbesuddenandalogicalcauseofthechangewillbemysteriouslyabsentorreplacedwithafakecausethatissuggestedinthescene.TheoldestknownexampleisusedforthebeheadinginEdisonManufacturingCompany's1895filmTheExecutionofMaryStuart.Thetechniqueofstopmotioncanbeinterpretedasrepeatedlyapplyingthestoptrick.In1917clayanimationpioneerHelenaSmith-Daytonreferredtotheprinciplebehindherworkas"stopaction",[12]asynonymof"stopmotion". FrenchtrickfilmpioneerGeorgesMélièsclaimedtohaveinventedthestop-trickandpopularizeditbyusingitinmanyofhisshortfilms.Hereportedlyusedstop-motionanimationin1899toproducemovingletterforms.[13] SegundodeChomón[edit] JulienneMathieuinastopmotion/pixilationscenefromHôtelélectrique(1908) SpanishfilmmakerSegundodeChomón(1871–1929)mademanytrickfilmsinFranceforPathé.HehasoftenbeencomparedtoGeorgesMélièsashealsomademanyfantasyfilmswithstoptricksandotherillusions(helpedbyhiswife,JulienneMathieu).By1906Chomónwasusingstopmotionanimation.LethéâtredeBob(April1906)featuresoverthreeminutesofstopmotionanimationwithdollsandobjectstorepresentafictionalautomatedtheatreownedbyBob,playedbyalive-actionchildactor.Itistheoldestextantfilmwithproperstopmotionandadefinitereleasedate. PlaymediaPLAYTheSculptor'sNightmare(1908);runtime00:09:10. SegundodeChomón'sSculpteurmodernewasreleasedon31January1908[14]andfeaturesheapsofclaymoldingitselfintodetailedsculpturesthatarecapableofminormovements.Thefinalsculpturedepictsanoldwomanandwalksaroundbeforeit'spickedup,squashedandmoldedbackintoasittingoldlady.[15] EdwinS.PorterandWallaceMcCutcheonSr.[edit] AmericanfilmpioneerEdwinS.Porterfilmedasingle-shot"lightningsculpting"filmwithabakermoldingfacesfromapatchofdoughinFuninaBakeryShop(1902),consideredasforeshadowingofclayanimation. In1905,PortershowedanimatedlettersandverysimplecutoutanimationoftwohandsintheintertitlesinHowJoneslosthisroll.[16] Porterexperimentedwithasmallbitofcrudestop-motionanimationinhistrickfilmDreamofaRarebitFiend(1906). The"Teddy"Bears(2March1907),madeincollaborationwithWallaceMcCutcheonSr.,[17]mainlyshowspeopleinbearcostumes,buttheshortfilmalsofeaturesashortstop-motionsegmentwithsmallteddybears.[18] On15February1908,PorterreleasedthetrickfilmASculptor'sWelshRabbitDreamthatfeaturedclaymoldingitselfintothreecompletebusts.[19]Nocopyofthefilmhasyetbeenlocated.ItwassoonfollowedbythesimilarextantfilmTheSculptor'sNightmare(6May1908)byWallaceMcCutcheonSr.[20] J.StuartBlackton[edit] J.StuartBlackton'sTheHauntedHotel(23February1907)[21]featuredacombinationoflive-actionwithpracticalspecialeffectsandstopmotionanimationofseveralobjects,apuppetandamodelofthehauntedhotel.Itwasthefirststopmotionfilmtoreceivewidescaleappreciation.Especiallyalargeclose-upviewofatablebeingsetbyitselfbaffledviewers;therewerenovisiblewiresorothernoticeablewell-knowntricks.[22]Thisinspiredotherfilmmakers,includingFrenchanimatorÉmileCohl[23]andSegundodeChomón.DeChomónwouldreleasethesimilarTheHouseofGhostsandElhoteleléctricoin1908,withthelatteralsocontainingsomeveryearlypixilation. TheHumptyDumptyCircus(1908,consideredlost)byBlacktonandhisBritish-AmericanVitagraphpartnerAlbertE.Smithshowedananimatedperformanceofthefiguresfromapopularwoodentoyset.[24]Smithwouldlaterclaimthatthiswas"thefirststop-motionpictureinAmerica".Theinspirationwouldhavecomefromseeinghowpuffsofsmokebehavedintheinterruptedrecordingsforastoptrickfilmtheyweremaking.Smithwouldhavesuggestedtogetapatentforthetechnique,butBlacktonthoughtitwasn'tthatimportant.[25]Smith'srecollectionsarenotconsideredtobeveryreliable.[26][27] ÉmileCohl[edit] PlaymediaPLAYÉmileCohl'sJapondefantaisie(1907);runtime00:00:59. Blackton'sTheHauntedHotelmadeabigimpressioninParis,whereitwasreleasedasL'hôtelhanté:fantasmagorieépouvantable.WhenGaumontboughtacopytofurtherdistributethefilm,itwascarefullystudiedbysomeoftheirfilmmakerstofindouthowitwasmade.ReportedlyitwasnewcomerÉmileCohlwhounraveledthemystery.[28]Notlongafter,Cohlreleasedhisfirstfilm,Japondefantaisie(June1907),[29]featuringhisownimaginativeuseofthestop-motiontechnique. Itwasfollowedbytherevolutionaryhand-drawnFantasmagorie(17August1908)andmanymoreanimatedfilmsbyCohl. Othernotablestop-motionfilmsbyCohlincludeLesallumettesanimées(AnimatedMatches)(1908),[30]andMobilierfidèle(1910,incollaborationwithRomeoBosetti).[31]MobilierfidèleisoftenconfusedwithBosetti'sobjectanimationtourdeforceLegarde-meublesautomatique(TheAutomaticMovingCompany)(1912).[32][33]Bothfilmsfeaturefurnituremovingbyitself. ArthurMelbourne-Cooper[edit] Ofthemorethan300shortfilmsproducedbetween1896and1915byBritishfilmpioneerArthurMelbourne-Cooper,anestimated36containedformsofanimation.BasedonlaterreportsbyMelbourne-CooperandbyhisdaughterAudreyWadowska,somebelievethatCooper'sMatches:anAppealwasproducedin1899andthereforetheveryfirststop-motionanimation.Theextantblack-and-whitefilmshowsamatchstickfigurewritinganappealtodonateaGuineaforwhichBryantandMaywouldsupplysoldierswithsufficientmatches.Noarchivalrecordsareknownthatcouldproofthatthefilmwasindeedcreatedin1899duringthebeginningoftheSecondBoerWar.Othersplaceitat1914,duringthebeginningofWorldWarI.[34][35]CoopercreatedmoreAnimatedMatchesscenesinthesamesetting.Thesearebelievedtoalsohavebeenproducedin1899,[36]whileareleasedateof1908hasalsobeengiven.[37]The1908AnimatedMatchesfilmbyÉmileCohlmayhavecausedmoreconfusionaboutthereleasedatesofCooper'smatchstickanimations.ItalsoraisesthequestionwhetherCohlmayhavebeeninspiredbyMelbourne-Cooperorviceversa. Melbourne-Cooper'slostfilmsDolly'sToys(1901)andTheEnchantedToymaker(1904)mayhaveincludedstop-motionanimation.[23]DreamsofToyland(1908)featuresascenewithmanyanimatedtoysthatlastsapproximatelythreeandahalfminutes. AlexanderShiryaev[edit] Asameanstoplanhisperformances,balletdancerandchoreographerAlexanderShiryaevstartedmakingapproximately20-to25-centimeter-tallpuppetsoutofpapier-mâchéonposeablewireframes.Hethensketchedallthesequentialmovementsonpaper.Whenhearrangedtheseverticallyonalongstrip,itwaspossibletogiveapresentationofthecompletedancewithahomecinemaprojector.Lateron,heboughtamoviecameraandbetween1906and1909hemademanyshortfilms,includingpuppetanimations.Asadancerandchoreographer,Shiryaevhadaspecialtalenttocreatemotioninhisanimatedfilms.AccordingtoanimatorPeterLordhisworkwasdecadesaheadofitstime.PartofShiryaev'sanimationworkisfeaturedinViktorBocharov'sdocumentary"AlexanderShiryaev:ABelatedPremiere"(2003).[38][39] WładysławStarewicz(Russianperiod)[edit] Polish-RussianWładysławStarewicz(1882–1965),startedhisfilmcareeraround1909inKaunasfilmingliveinsects.Hewantedtodocumentruttingstagbeetles,butthecreatureswouldn'tcooperateorwouldevendieunderthebrightlampsneededforfilming.Hesolvedtheproblembyusingwireforthelimbsofdriedbeetlesandthenanimatingtheminstopmotion.Theresultingshortfilm,presumably1minutelong,[40]wasprobablytitledbytheLatinnameforthespecies:Жук-олень(LucanusCervus)(1910,consideredlost). PlaymediaPLAYStarewicz'TheBeautifulLeukanida(1912);runtime00:10:21. AftermovingtoMoscow,Starewiczcontinuedanimatingdeadinsects,butnowascharactersinimaginativestorieswithmuchdramaticcomplexity.Hegarneredmuchattentionandinternationalacclaimwiththeseshortfilms,includingthe10-minuteПрекраснаяЛюканида,илиВойнаусачейсрогачами(TheBeautifulLeukanida)(03-1912),thetwo-minuteВеселыесценкиизжизниживотных(HappyScenesfromAnimalLife),the12-minuteПрекраснаяЛюканида,илиВойнаусачейсрогачами(TheCameraman'sRevenge)(10-1912)andthe5-minuteСтрекозаимуравей(TheGrasshopperandtheAnt)(1913).Reportedlymanyviewerswereimpressedwithhowmuchcouldbeachievedwithtrainedinsects,oratleastwonderedwhattrickscouldhavebeenused,sincefewpeoplewerefamiliarwiththesecretsofstopmotionanimation.Рождествообитателейлеса(TheInsects'Christmas)(1913)featuredotheranimatedpuppets,includingFatherChristmasandafrog.Starewiczmadeseveralotherstopmotionfilmsinthenexttwoyears,butmainlywentontodirectlive-actionshortandfeaturefilmsbeforehefledfromRussiain1918. WillisO'Brien'searlyfilms[edit] PlaymediaPLAYTheDinosaurandtheMissingLink(1915);runtime00:06:13. PlaymediaPLAYexcerptfromTheLostWorld(1925);animationbyWillisO'Brien;runtime00:01:41. WillisO'Brien'sfirststopmotionfilmwasTheDinosaurandtheMissingLink:APrehistoricTragedy(1915).Apartfromthetitulardinosaurand"missinglink"ape,itfeaturedseveralcavemenandanostrich-like"desertquail",allrelativelylifelikemodelsmadewithclay.[41]ThisledtoaseriesofshortanimatedcomedieswithaprehistoricthemeforEdisonCompany,includingPrehistoricPoultry(1916),R.F.D.10,000B.C.(1917),TheBirthofaFlivver(1917)andCuriousPetsofOurAncestors(1917).O'BrienwasthenhiredbyproducerHerbertM.Dawleytodirect,createeffects,co-writeandco-starwithhimforTheGhostofSlumberMountain(1918).Thecollaborativefilmcombinedlive-actionwithanimateddinosaurmodelsina45-minutefilm,butafterthepremiereitwascutdowntoapproximately12minutes.DawleydidnotgiveO'Briencreditsforthevisualeffects,andinsteadclaimedtheanimationprocessashisowninventionandevenappliedforpatents.[42]O'Brien'sstopmotionworkwasrecognizedasatechniquetocreatelifelikecreaturesforadventurefilms.O'Brienfurtherpioneeredthetechniquewithanimateddinosaursequencesforthelive-actionfeatureTheLostWorld(1925). HelenaSmithDayton[edit] StillsfromBattleoftheSudsandotherHelenaSmith-Daytonfilms(1917) NewYorkartistHelenaSmithDayton,possiblythefirstfemaleanimator,hadmuchsuccesswithher"Caricatypes"claystatuettesbeforeshebeganexperimentingwithclayanimation.Someofherfirstresultingshortfilmswerescreenedon25March1917.ShereleasedanadaptationofWilliamShakespeare'sRomeoandJulietapproximatelyhalfayearlater.Althoughthefilmsandhertechniquereceivedmuchattentionofthepress,itseemsshedidnotcontinuemakingfilmsaftershereturnedtoNewYorkfrommanagingaYMCAinParisaround1918.Noneofherfilmshaveyetsurfaced,buttheextantmagazinearticleshaveprovidedseveralstillsandapproximately20poorlyprintedframesfromtwofilmstrips.[43] StarewiczinParis[edit] By1920StarewiczhadsettledinParis,andstartedmakingnewstopmotionfilms.DanslesGriffesdeL'araignée(finished1920,released1924)featureddetailedhand-madeinsectpuppetsthatcouldconveyfacialexpressionswithmovinglipsandeyelids. Othersilentstopmotion[edit] OneoftheearliestclayanimationfilmswasModellingExtraordinary,whichimpressedaudiencesin1912.[citationneeded] TheearlyItalianfeaturefilmCabiria(1914)featuredsomestopmotiontechniques.[citationneeded] 1930sand1940s[edit] StarewiczfinishedthefirstfeaturestopmotionfilmLeRomandeRenard(TheTaleoftheFox)in1930,butproblemswithitssoundtrackdelayeditsrelease.In1937itwasreleasedwithaGermansoundtrackandin1941withitsFrenchsoundtrack. Hungarian-AmericanfilmmakerGeorgePaldevelopedhisownstopmotiontechniqueofreplacingwoodendolls(orpartsofthem)withsimilarfiguresdisplayingchangedposesand/orexpressions.HecalleditPal-DollanduseditforhisPuppetoonsfilmssince1932.Theparticularreplacementanimationmethoditselfalsobecamebetterknownaspuppetoon.InEuropehemainlyworkedonpromotionalfilmsforcompaniessuchasPhilips.LaterPalgainedmuchsuccessinHollywoodwithastringofAcademyAwardforBestAnimatedShortFilms,includingRhythmintheRanks(1941),TulipsShallGrow(1942),JasperandtheHauntedHouse(1942),theDr.SeusspennedThe500HatsofBartholomewCubbins(1943)andAndtoThinkThatISawItonMulberryStreet(1944),JasperandtheBeanstalk(1945),JohnHenryandtheInky-Poo(1946),JasperinaJam(1946),andTubbytheTuba(1947).ManyofhispuppetoonfilmswereselectedforpreservationintheUnitedStatesNationalFilmRegistry. WillisO'Brien'sexpressiveandemotionallyconvincinganimationofthebigapeinKingKong(1933)iswidelyregardedasamilestoneinstop-motionanimationandahighlightofHollywoodcinemaingeneral. A1940promotionalfilmforAutolite,anautomotivepartssupplier,featuredstop-motionanimationofitsproductsmarchingpastAutolitefactoriestothetuneofFranzSchubert'sMilitaryMarch.AnabbreviatedversionofthissequencewaslaterusedintelevisionadsforAutolite,especiallythoseonthe1950sCBSprogramSuspense,whichAutolitesponsored. ThefirstBritishanimatedfeaturewasthestopmotioninstructionfilmHandlingShips(1945)byHalasandBatchelorfortheBritishAdmiralty.Itwasnotmeantforgeneralcinemas,butdidbecomepartoftheofficialselectionofthe1946CannesFilmFestival. ThefirstBelgiananimatedfeaturewasanadaptationoftheTintincomicTheCrabwiththeGoldenClaws(1947)withanimatedpuppets. ThefirstCzechanimatedfeaturewasthepackagefilmTheCzechYear(1947)withanimatedpuppetsbyJiříTrnka.ThefilmwonseveralawardsattheVeniceFilmFestivalandotherinternationalfestivals.Trnkawouldmakeseveralmoreaward-winningstopmotionfeaturesincludingTheEmperor'sNightingale(1949),PrinceBayaya(1950),OldCzechLegends(1953)orAMidsummerNight'sDream(1959).Healsodirectedmanyshortfilmsandexperimentedwithotherformsofanimation. 1950s[edit] PlaymediaPLAYGumbasia(1955)byArtClokey;runtime00:03:09.RayHarryhausenlearnedunderO'BrienonthefilmMightyJoeYoung(1949).Harryhausenwouldgoontocreatemanymemorablestopmotioneffectsforastringofsuccessfulfantasyfilmsoverthenextthreedecades.TheseincludedTheBeastfrom20,000Fathoms(1953),ItCamefromBeneaththeSea(1955),JasonandtheArgonauts(1963),TheGoldenVoyageofSinbad(1973)andClashoftheTitans(1981). Itwasn'tuntil1954beforeafeatureanimatedfilmwithatechniqueotherthancelanimationwasproducedintheUS.Thefirstwasthestopmotionadaptationof19thcenturycomposerEngelbertHumperdinck'soperaHänselundGretelasHanselandGretel:AnOperaFantasy. In1955KarelZemanmadehisfirstfeaturefilmJourneytotheBeginningofTimeinspiredbyJulesVerne,featuringstopmotionanimationofdinosaursandotherprehistoriccreatures. ArtClokeystartedhisadventuresinclaywithafreeformclayshortfilmcalledGumbasia(1955),whichshortlythereafterpropelledhimintotheproductionofhismorestructuredTVseriesGumby(1955–1989),withtheiconictitularcharacter.InpartnershipwiththeUnitedLutheranChurchinAmerica,healsoproducedDaveyandGoliath(1960–2004).ThetheatricalfeatureGumby:TheMovie(1992,releasedin1995)wasaboxofficebomb. On22November1959,thefirstepisodeofUnserSandmänchen(OurLittleSandman)wasbroadcastonDFF(EastGermantelevision).The10-minutedailybedtimeshowforyoungchildrenfeaturesthetitlecharacterasananimatedpuppet,andotherpuppetsindifferentsegments.AverysimilarSandmänchenseries,possiblyconceivedearlier,ranonWestGermantelevisionfrom1December1959untiltheGermanreunificationin1989.TheEastGermanshowwascontinuedonotherGermannetworkswhenDFFendedin1991,andisoneofthelongestrunninganimatedseriesintheworld.[citationneeded]ThetheatricalfeatureDasSandmännchen–AbenteuerimTraumland(2010)wasfullyanimatedwithstopmotionpuppets. 1960sand1970s[edit] Pat&Mat,twoinventivebutclumsyneighbors,wasthefirsttimeintroducedin1976,whilethefirstmade-for-TVepisodeTapety(translatedWallpaper)wasproducedin1979forČSTBratislava. JapanesepuppetanimatorTadahitoMochinagastartedoutasassistantanimatorinshortanime(propaganda)filmsArichan(1941)andMomotarōnoUmiwashi(1943).HefledtoManchukuoduringthewarandstayedinChinaafterwards.Duetothescarcityofpaintandfilmstockshortlyafterthewar,Mochinagadecidedtoworkwithpuppetsandstopmotion.HisworkhelpedpopularizepuppetanimationinChina,beforehereturnedtoJapanaround1953wherehecontinuedworkingasanimationdirector.Inthe1960s,Mochinagasupervisedthe"Animagic"puppetanimationforproductionsbyArthurRankinJr.andJulesBass'VideocraftInternational,Ltd.(latercalledRankin/BassProductions,Inc.)andDentsu,startingwiththesyndicatedtelevisionseriesTheNewAdventuresofPinocchio(1960-1961).TheChristmasTVspecialRudolphtheRed-NosedReindeerhasbeentelecastedannuallysince1964andhasbecomeoneofthemostbelovedholidayfilmsintheUSA.TheymadethreetheatricalfeaturefilmsWillyMcBeanandHisMagicMachine(1965),TheDaydreamer(1966,stopmotion/live-action)andMadMonsterParty?(1966,releasedin1967),andthetelevisionspecialBalladofSmokeytheBear(1966)beforethecollaborationended.Rankin/BassworkedwithotheranimatorsformoreTVspecials,withtitlessuchasTheLittleDrummerBoy(1968),SantaClausisComin'toTown(1970)andHereComesPeterCottontail(1971). Britishtelevisionhasshownmanystopmotionseriesforyoungchildrensincethe1960s.AnearlyexampleisSnipandSnap(1960-1961)byJohnHalasincollaborationwithDanishpapersculptorThokSøndergaard(ThokiYenn),featuringdogSnap,cutfromasheetofpaperbypairofscissorsSnip. Apartfromtheircutoutanimationseries,BritishstudioSmallfilms(PeterFirminandOliverPostgate)producedseveralstopmotionserieswithpuppets,beginningwithPingwings(1961-1965)featuringpenguin-likebirdsknittedbyPeter'swifeJoanandfilmedontheirfarm(wheremostoftheirproductionswerefilmedinanunusedbarn).ItwasfollowedbyPogles'Wood(1965-1967),Clangers(1969-1972,1974,revivedin2015),Bagpuss(1974)andTottie:TheStoryofaDoll'sHouse(1984). CzechsurrealistfilmmakerJanŠvankmajer'sreleasedhisshortartisticfilmssince1964,whichusuallycontainmuchexperimentalstopmotion.Hestartedtogainmuchinternationalrecognitioninthe1980s.Since1988hehasmostlybeendirectingfeaturefilmswhichfeaturemuchmoreliveactionthanstopmotion.TheseincludeAlice,anadaptationofLewisCarroll'sAlice'sAdventuresinWonderland,andFaust,arenditionofthelegendoftheGermanscholar.Švankmajer'sworkhasbeenhighlyinfluentialonotherartists,suchasTerryGilliamandtheQuaybrothers(althoughthelatterclaimtohaveonlydiscoveredŠvankmajer'sfilmsafterhavingdevelopedtheirownsimilarstyle). FrenchanimatorSergeDanotcreatedTheMagicRoundabout(1965)whichplayedformanyyearsontheBBC. PolishstudioSe-ma-forproducedpopularTVserieswithanimatedpuppetsinadaptationsofColargol(BarnabytheBearintheUK,JeremyinCanada)(1967-1974)andTheMoomins(1977-1982). Inthe1960sand1970s,independentclayanimatorEliotNoyesJr.refinedthetechniqueof"free-form"clayanimationwithhisOscar-nominated1965filmClay(ortheOriginofSpecies).NoyesalsousedstopmotiontoanimatesandlyingonglassforhismusicalanimatedfilmSandman(1975). ItaliandirectorFrancescoMissericreatedtheclayanimationTVseriesMioMao(1970-1976,2002-2007),IlRossoeilBlu(TheRedandtheBlue)(1976),andaTVserieswithananimatedorigamiduckQuaqQuao(1978-1979). TheBritishartistsBrianCosgroveandMarkHall(CosgroveHallFilms)producedtwostop-motionanimatedadaptionsofEnidBlyton'sNoddybookseries,includingtheoriginalseriesofthesamename(1975–1982)andNoddy'sToylandAdventures(1992–2001),afull-lengthfilmTheWindintheWillows(1983)andlateramulti-seasonTVseries,bothbasedonKennethGrahame'sclassicchildren'sbookofthesametitle.Theyalsoproducedadocumentaryoftheirproductiontechniques,MakingFrogandToad. In1975,filmmakerandclayanimationexperimenterWillVintonjoinedwithsculptorBobGardinertocreateanexperimentalfilmcalledClosedMondayswhichbecamethefirststop-motionfilmtowinanOscar.WillVintonfollowedwithseveralothersuccessfulshortfilmexperimentsincludingTheGreatCognito,TheCreation,andRipVanWinklewhichwereeachnominatedforAcademyAwards.In1977,Vintonmadeadocumentaryaboutthisprocessandhisstyleofanimationwhichhedubbed"claymation";hetitledthedocumentaryClaymation.Soonafterthisdocumentary,thetermwastrademarkedbyVintontodifferentiatehisteam'sworkfromotherswhohadbeen,orwerebeginningtodo,"clayanimation".Whilethewordhasstuckandisoftenusedtodescribeclayanimationandstopmotion,itremainsatrademarkownedcurrentlybyLaikaEntertainment,Inc.Twentyclay-animationepisodesfeaturingtheclownMr.BillwereafeatureofSaturdayNightLive,startingfromafirstappearanceinFebruary1976. AtverymuchthesametimeintheUK,PeterLordandDavidSproxtonformedAardmanAnimationsthatwouldproducemanycommercials,TVseries,shortfilmsandeventuallyalsofeaturefilms.In1976theycreatedthecharacterMorphwhoappearedasananimatedside-kicktotheTVpresenterTonyHartonhisBBCTVprogrammeTakeHart.Thefive-inch-highpresenterwasmadefromatraditionalBritishmodellingclaycalledPlasticine.In1977theystartedonaseriesofanimatedfilms,againusingmodellingclay,butthistimemadeforamoreadultaudience.ThesoundtrackforDownandOutwasrecordedinaSalvationArmyHostelandPlasticinepuppetswereanimatedtodramatisethedialogue.Asecondfilm,alsofortheBBCfollowedin1978.ATVseriesTheAmazingAdventuresofMorphwasairedin1980.Theyalsoproducedanotablemusicvideofor"Sledgehammer",asongbyPeterGabriel. Sand-coatedpuppetanimationwasusedintheOscar-winning1977filmTheSandCastle,producedbyDutch-CanadiananimatorCoHoedeman.HoedemanwasoneofdozensofanimatorsshelteredbytheNationalFilmBoardofCanada,aCanadiangovernmentfilmartsagencythathadsupportedanimatorsfordecades.Apioneerofrefinedmultiplestop-motionfilmsundertheNFBbannerwasNormanMcLaren,whobroughtinmanyotheranimatorstocreatetheirowncreativelycontrolledfilms.NotableamongthesearethepinscreenanimationfilmsofJacquesDrouin,madewiththeoriginalpinscreendonatedbyAlexandreAlexeieffandClaireParker. CzechfilmmakersLubomírBenešandVladimírJiránekdebutedtheiranimatedpuppetcharactersPat&Mat,twoinventivebutclumsyneighbors,inthe7-minuteshortKuťáciin1976.Since1979,over100episodeshavebeenbroadcastirregularly.[44]Since2014,newepisodeswerepresentedintheatricallyreleasedpackagefilms.Theseriesbecameverypopularinseveralcountries,especiallyinTheNetherlands,theonlycountrywherethecharactersarevoiced. OneofthemainBritishanimationteams,JohnHardwickandBobBura,werethemainanimatorsinmanyearlyBritishTVshows,andarefamousfortheirworkontheTrumptonshiretrilogy. Disneyexperimentedwithseveralstop-motiontechniquesbyhiringindependentanimator-directorMikeJittlovtomakethefirststop-motionanimationofMickeyMousetoyseverproduced,inashortsequencecalledMouseMania,partofaTVspecial,Mickey's50,whichcommemoratedMickey's50thanniversaryin1978.Jittlovagainproducedsomeimpressivemulti-techniquestop-motionanimationayearlaterfora1979DisneyspecialpromotingtheirreleaseofthefeaturefilmTheBlackHole.TitledMajorEffects,Jittlov'sworkstoodoutasthebestpartofthespecial.Jittlovreleasedhisfootagethefollowingyearto16mmfilmcollectorsasashortfilmtitledTheWizardofSpeedandTime,alongwithfourofhisothershortmulti-techniqueanimatedfilms,mostofwhicheventuallyevolvedintohisownfeature-lengthfilmofthesametitle.Effectivelydemonstratingalmostallanimationtechniques,aswellashowheproducedthem,thefilmwasreleasedtotheatersin1987andtovideoin1989. 1980s[edit] StefanoBessoni,Italianfilmmaker,illustratorandstop-motionanimatorworkingonGallowsSongs(2014) Inthe1970sand1980s,IndustrialLight&Magicoftenusedstop-motionmodelanimationinsuchfilmsastheoriginalStarWarstrilogy:theholochesssequenceinStarWars,theTauntaunsandAT-ATwalkersinTheEmpireStrikesBack,andtheAT-STwalkersinReturnoftheJediwereallfilmedusingstop-motionanimation,withthelattertwofilmsutilisinggomotion:aninventionfromrenownedvisualeffectsveteranPhilTippett.ThemanyshotsincludingtheghostsinRaidersoftheLostArkandthefirsttwofeaturefilmsintheRoboCopseriesuseTippett'sgomotion. IntheUK,AardmanAnimationscontinuedtogrow.Channel4fundedanewseriesofclayanimatedfilms,ConversationPieces,usingrecordedsoundtracksofrealpeopletalking.Afurtherseriesin1986,calledLipSync,premieredtheworkofRichardGoleszowski(Ident),BarryPurves(Next),andNickPark(CreatureComforts),aswellasfurtherfilmsbySproxtonandLord.CreatureComfortswontheOscarforBestAnimatedShortin1990. In1980,MarcPaulChinoydirectedthe1stfeature-lengthclayanimatedfilm,basedonthefamousPogocomicstrip.TitledIgoPogo.ItwasairedafewtimesonAmericancablechannelsbuthasyettobecommerciallyreleased.Primarilyclay,somecharactersrequiredarmatures,andwalkcyclesusedpre-sculptedhardbaseslegs.[45] StopmotionwasalsousedforsomeshotsofthefinalsequenceofTerminatormovie,alsoforthescenesofthesmallalienshipsinSpielberg'sBatteriesNotIncludedin1987,animatedbyDavidW.Allen.Allen'sstop-motionworkcanalsobeseeninsuchfeaturefilmsasTheCraterLakeMonster(1977),Q-TheWingedSerpent(1982),TheGate(1987)andFreaked(1993).Allen'sKingKongVolkswagencommercialfromthe1970sisnowlegendaryamongmodelanimationenthusiasts. In1985,WillVintonandhisteamreleasedanambitiousfeaturefilminstopmotioncalled"TheAdventuresOfMarkTwain"basedonthelifeandworksofthefamousAmericanauthor.Whilethefilmmayhavebeenalittlesophisticatedforyoungaudiencesatthetime,itgotravereviewsfromcriticsandadultsingeneral.[citationneeded]Vinton'steamalsocreatedtheNomesandtheNomeKingforDisney's"ReturntoOz"feature,forwhichtheyreceivedanAcademyAwardNominationforSpecialVisualEffects.Inthe1980sandearly1990s,WillVintonbecameverywellknownforhiscommercialworkaswellwithstop-motioncampaignsincludingTheCaliforniaRaisins. JiříBartareleasedhisaward-winningfantasyfilmThePiedPiper(1986). From1986to1991,ChurchillFilmsproducedTheMouseandtheMotorcycle,RunawayRalph,andRalphS.MouseforABCtelevision.Theshowsfeaturedstop-motioncharacterscombinedwithliveaction,basedonthebooksofBeverlyCleary.JohnClarkMatthewswastheanimationdirector,withJustinKohn,JoelFletcher,andGailVanDerMerweprovidingcharacteranimation.[46]Thecompanyalsoproducedotherfilmsbasedonchildren'sbooks. From1986to2000,over150five-minuteepisodesofPingu,aSwisschildren'scomedy,wereproducedbyTrickfilmstudio. AardmanAnimations'NickParkbecameverysuccessfulwithhisshortclaymationCreatureComfortsin1989,whichhadtalkinganimalsvoicingvoxpopinterviews.Parkthenusedthesameformattoproduceaseriesofcommercialsbetween1990and1992.Thecommercialshavebeencreditedashavingintroducedamore"caring"wayofadvertisingintheUK.RichardGoleszowskilaterdirectedtwo13-episodeCreatureComfortsTVseries(2003,2005-2006)andaChristmasspecial(2005). Alsoin1989,ParkintroducedhisverypopularclaycharactersWallaceandGromitinAGrandDayOut.ThreemoreshortfilmsandonefeaturefilmandmanyTVadaptionsandspin-offswouldfollow.Amongmanyotherawards,ParkwontheAcademyAwardforBestAnimatedFeatureforthefeature-lengthoutingWallace&Gromit:TheCurseoftheWere-Rabbit.ParkalsoworkedontheChickenRunmovie,whichwasanotherfilmfromAardmanAnimations. 1990s[edit] In1992,TreyParkerandMattStonemadeTheSpiritofChristmas(shortfilm),ashortcutoutanimatedstudentfilmmadewithconstructionpaper.In1995theymadeasecondshortwiththesametitled,commissionedasaChristmasgreetingbyFoxBroadcastingCompanyexecutiveBrianGraden.TheconceptsancharacterswerefurtherdevelopedintotheTVhitseriesSouthPark(since1997).Exceptforthepilot,allanimationhasbeencreatedoncomputersinthesamestyle. TheNightmareBeforeChristmas(1993),directedbyHenrySelickandproducedbyTimBurton,wasoneofthemorewidelyreleasedstop-motionfeaturesandbecomethehighestgrossingstop-motionanimatedmovieofitstime,grossingover$50milliondomestic.HenrySelickalsowentontodirectJamesandtheGiantPeachandCoraline,andTimBurtonwentontodirectCorpseBrideandFrankenweenie. Thestop-motionfeatureTheSecretAdventuresofTomThumbwasreleasedin1993. OnNovember1998,ThefirstepisodeofBobtheBuilderreleasedonBBC.BobtheBuilderwasapopularBritishStop-motiontelevisionseriescreatedbyKeithChapman&producedandownedbyHITEntertainment. In1999,WillVintonlaunchedthefirstUSprime-timestop-motiontelevisionseriescalledThePJs,co-createdbyactor-comedianEddieMurphy.TheEmmy-winningsitcomairedonFoxfortwoseasons,thenmovedtotheWBforanadditionalseason.Vintonlaunchedanotherseries,Gary&Mike,forUPNin2001. In1999,TsuneoGōdadirected30-secondsketchesofthecharacterDomo.Theshorts,animatedbystop-motionstudioDwarf,arecurrentlystillproducedinJapanandhavereceiveduniversalcriticalacclaimfromfansandcritics.Gōdaalsodirectedthestop-motionmovieseriesKomanekoin2004. 21stcentury[edit] PlaymediaThemusicvideotoGreenbyCavetown,amodernexampleofstopmotionanimation TheBBCcommissionedthirteenepisodesofstopframeanimatedSummertonMillin2004asinsertsintotheirflagshippre-schoolprogram,Tikkabilla.CreatedandproducedbyPeteBrydenandEdCookson,theserieswasthengivenitsownslotonBBC1andBBC2andhasbeenbroadcastextensivelyaroundtheworld. Othernotablestop-motionfeaturefilmsreleasedsince2000includeFantasticMr.Fox(2009)and$9.99(2009),andAnomalisa(2015). In2003,thepilotfilmfortheseriesCurucuruandFriends,producedbyKoreanstudioFfangoEntertoymentisgreenlightedintoachildren'sanimatedseriesin2004afteranapprovalwiththeGyeonggiDigitalContentsAgency.ItwasairedinKBS1onNovember24,2006andwonthe13thKoreanAnimationAwardsin2007forBestAnimation.FfangoEntertoymentalsoworkedwithFrontierWorksinJapantoproducethe2010filmremakeofCheburashka.[47] Since2005,RobotChickenhasmostlyutilizedstop-motionanimation,usingcustommadeactionfiguresandothertoysasprincipalcharacters. Since2009,Laika,thestop-motionsuccessortoWillVintonStudios,hasreleasedfivefeaturefilms,whichhavecollectivelygrossedover$400million. Asof2019,stopmotionisthrivingeveninafilmmakingworlddominatedbyCGIdespitetheeffortsneededbytheanimators. Listofstopmotionartists[edit] Mainarticle:Listofstopmotionartists Listofstopmotionfilms[edit] Mainarticle:Listofstopmotionfilms Variationsofstopmotion[edit] Stereoscopicstopmotion[edit] Stopmotionhasveryrarelybeenshotinstereoscopic3Dthroughoutfilmhistory.Thefirst3Dstop-motionshortwasInTuneWithTomorrow(alsoknownasMotorRhythm),madein1939byJohnNorling.Thesecondstereoscopicstop-motionreleasewasTheAdventuresofSamSpacein1955byPaulSprunck.Thethirdandlateststopmotionshortinstereo3DwasTheIncredibleInvasionofthe20,000GiantRobotsfromOuterSpacein2000byElmerKaan[48]andAlexanderLentjes.[49][50]Thisisalsothefirstever3DstereoscopicstopmotionandCGIshortinthehistoryoffilm.Thefirstallstop-motion3DfeatureisCoraline(2009),basedonNeilGaiman'sbest-sellingnovelanddirectedbyHenrySelick. AnotherrecentexampleistheNintendo3DSvideosoftwarewhichcomeswiththeoptionforStopMotionvideos.ThishasbeenreleasedDecember8,2011asa3DSsystemupdate.Also,thefilmParaNormanisin3Dstopmotion. Gomotion[edit] Mainarticle:Gomotion Anothermorecomplicatedvariationonstopmotionisgomotion,co-developedbyPhilTippettandfirstusedonthefilmsTheEmpireStrikesBack(1980),Dragonslayer(1981),andtheRoboCopfilms.Gomotioninvolvedprogrammingacomputertomovepartsofamodelslightlyduringeachexposureofeachframeoffilm,combinedwithtraditionalhandmanipulationofthemodelinbetweenframes,toproduceamorerealisticmotionblurringeffect.Tippettalsousedtheprocessextensivelyinhis1984shortfilmPrehistoricBeast,a10minuteslongsequencedepictingaherbivorousdinosaur(Monoclonius),beingchasedbyacarnivorousone(Tyrannosaurus).WithnewfootagePrehistoricBeastbecameDinosaur!in1985,afull-lengthdinosaursdocumentaryhostedbyChristopherReeve.ThosePhilTippett'sgomotiontestsactedasmotionmodelsforhisfirstphoto-realisticuseofcomputerstodepictdinosaursinJurassicParkin1993.Alow-tech,manualversionofthisblurringtechniquewasoriginallypioneeredbyWładysławStarewiczinthesilentera,andwasusedinhisfeaturefilmTheTaleoftheFox(1931). Comparisontocomputer-generatedimagery[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(September2015)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Reasonsforusingstopmotioninsteadofthemoreadvancedcomputer-generatedimagery(CGI)includethelowentrypriceandtheappealofitsdistinctlook.Itisnowmostlyusedinchildren'sprogramming,incommercialsandsomecomicshowssuchasRobotChicken.Anothermeritofstopmotionisthatitaccuratelydisplaysreal-lifetextures,whileCGItexturingismoreartificialandnotquiteasclosetorealism.Thisisappreciatedbyanumberofanimationdirectors,suchasTimBurton,HenrySelick,WesAnderson,andTravisKnight. Stopmotioninothermedia[edit] Manyyoungpeoplebegintheirexperimentsinmoviemakingwithstopmotion,thankstotheeaseofmodernstop-motionsoftwareandonlinevideopublishing.[51]Manynewstop-motionshortsuseclayanimationintoanewform.[52] Singer-songwriterOrenLavie'smusicvideoforthesongHerMorningElegancewaspostedonYouTubeonJanuary19,2009.Thevideo,directedbyLavieandYuvalandMeravNathan,usesstopmotionandhasachievedgreatsuccesswithover25.4millionviews,alsoearninga2010GrammyAwardnominationfor"BestShortFormMusicVideo". Stopmotionhasoccasionallybeenusedtocreatethecharactersforcomputergames,asanalternativetoCGI.TheVirginInteractiveEntertainmentMythosgameMagicandMayhem(1998)featuredcreaturesbuiltbystop-motionspecialistAlanFriswell,whomadetheminiaturefiguresfrommodellingclayandlatexrubber,overarmaturesofwireandball-and-socketjoints.Themodelswerethenanimatedoneframeatatime,andincorporatedintotheCGIelementsofthegamethroughdigitalphotography."ClayFighter"fortheSuperNESandTheNeverhoodforthePCareotherexamples. ScientistsatIBMusedascanningtunnelingmicroscopetosingleoutandmoveindividualatomswhichwereusedtomakecharactersinABoyandHisAtom.Thiswasthetiniestscalestop-motionvideomadeatthattime. Seealso[edit] Animationportal Stillmotion Brickfilm Time-lapsephotography References[edit] Sources ^"Casestudy:ChickeninClay"(1997). ^stop,combinationssection(Comb.),stop-motionadeviceforautomaticallystoppingamachineorenginewhensomethinghasgonewrong(TheNewShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary,ClarendonPress,Oxford,Vol.2N-Z,1993edition,seepage3,074) ^Belgique,AcadémieRoyaledesSciences,desLettresetdesBeaux-Artsde(1849).Bulletinsdel'AcadémieRoyaledesSciences,desLettresetdesBeaux-ArtsdeBelgique(inFrench).Hayez. ^Czermak(1855)."DasStereophoroskop"(inGerman). ^Zone,Ray(3February2014).StereoscopicCinemaandtheOriginsof3-DFilm,1838-1952.UniversityPressofKentucky.ISBN 9780813145891–viaGoogleBooks. ^Internationalexhibition,1862(10April1862)."MedalsandHonourableMentionsAwardedbytheInternationalJuries:Witha..."HerMajesty'sCommissioners–viaInternetArchive.CS1maint:numericnames:authorslist(link) 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^Lord,Peter(2008-11-14)."PeterLordonAlexanderShiryaev,animation'sgreatlostpioneer".theGuardian.Retrieved2020-07-26. ^ViktorBocharov"AlexanderShiryaev:BelatedPremiere"(2003)documentary ^LucanusCervus(1910)-IMDb,retrieved2020-01-22 ^"Thedinosaurandthemissinglink,aprehistorictragedy".LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.20540USA.Retrieved2020-02-17. ^Webber,RoyP.(2004).TheDinosaurFilmsofRayHarryhausen:Features,Early16mmExperimentsandUnrealizedProjects.McFarland.ISBN 978-0-7864-1666-0. ^"JasonDouglass–Artist,Author,andPioneeringMotionPictureAnimator:TheCareerofHelenaSmithDayton(runner-up)–AnimationStudies".Retrieved2020-01-25. ^Pat&Mat(TVSeries1976–2018)-IMDb,retrieved2020-01-23 ^Priebe,KenA.(2011).TheAdvancedArtofStop-MotionAnimation.Boston:CourseTechnology.pp. 25.ISBN 978-1-4354-5613-6. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196767/,https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094541/,https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196895/ ^"ThefuturelooksbrightforcompaniesthatmovedintotheGyeonggiDigitalContentAgency".hancinema.net. ^"ElmerKaan".ElmerKaan.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2021-01-22.Retrieved2010-04-24. ^"AlexanderLentjes".Moonridge5.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2018-11-30.Retrieved2010-04-24. ^3-DRevolutionProductions."Animation".The3drevolution.com.Retrieved2010-04-24. ^"AboutClayNationstopmotionanimation".ClayNation.co.uk.Retrieved2011-01-06. ^"Blu-Tack-MakeOurNextAdvert".Blu-tack.co.uk.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-02-11.Retrieved2010-04-24. Bibliography Lord,Peter;Sibley,Brian(1998).Creating3-Danimation:TheAardmanBookofFilmmaking.NewYork:HarryN.Abrams.ISBN 0-8109-1996-6. Maltin,Leonard(2006).LeonardMaltin'sMovieandVideoGuide(2007 ed.).NewYork:Plume.ISBN 978-0-4522-8756-3.OCLC 70671727. Sibley,Brian(2000).ChickenRun:HatchingtheMovie.NewYork:Abrams.ISBN 0-8109-4124-4. Smith,Dave(1998).DisneyAtoZ:TheUpdatedOfficialEncyclopedia(updated ed.).NewYork:Hyperion.ISBN 0-7868-6391-9. Taylor,Richard(1996).EncyclopediaofAnimationTechniques.Philadelphia:RunningPress.ISBN 1-56138-531-X. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtostopmotion. Lookupstop-motioninWiktionary,thefreedictionary. Stop-motionatCurlie anexampleforanearlystop-motionfilm(1908):"HänschensSoldaten",europeanfilmgateway.eu vteAnimationtopicsBycountry Bangladesh Bhutan China CzechRepublic Estonia India Japan Malaysia Mexico NorthKorea Philippines Portugal Romania SouthAfrica SouthKorea Spain Taiwan Thailand UnitedStates Vietnam History Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Canada China France Hungary Iran Japan Korea Russia UnitedKingdom UnitedStates SilentEra TheGoldenAge WorldWarII EarlyTVbroadcastera ModernTVcableandstreamingera Industry Animator List Animationdepartment Animationdirector Storyartist Animationstudios List Animationdatabase Artpipeline Biologistsimulators Animationfilmfestivals international regional Highest-grossingfilms(Openingsweekends) Outsourcing InternationalAnimationDay Works Films Basedoncartoons Computer-animated Feature-length Lostorunfinished Package Short Shortseries Stop-motion Series Direct-to-video Internet Television TechniquesTraditional Barriergrid Flipbook Limitedanimation 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