LGBT - Wikipedia

These two initialisms are sometimes combined to form the terms LGBTIQ. The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer ... LGBT FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Initialismforlesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgenderpersons Thisarticleisabouttheinitialism.Forthecommunityitreferences,seeLGBTcommunity.Forotheruses,seeLGBT(disambiguation). Asix-bandrainbowflagrepresentingtheLGBTcommunity PartofaseriesonLGBTtopics       LesbianGayBisexualTransgender Sexualorientationandgender Homosexuality Bisexuality Pansexuality Asexuality Grayasexuality Queer Sexualidentity Demographics Biology Environment Genderidentity Genderrole Gendervariance Non-binarygender Queerheterosexuality Sexandgenderdistinction Transman Transwoman Transgender Transsexual Aromantic History Timeline Socialmovements Gayliberation Stonewallriots LGBTandintersex Culture Comingout Community African-American DykeMarch Events Largestevents Gayvillage Homosocialization Media Films NewQueerCinema Periodicals Pride Parade Queerart Same-sexrelationship Slang list Symbols Flags Takatāpui Rights Adoption Civilunion Intersexhumanrights Marriage Militaryservice Parenting Rightsbycountryorterritory Transgenderrights YogyakartaPrinciples Health Medicalorganizations Reproduction Transgenderhealthcare Youthsuicide Socialattitudes Amatonormativity Heteronormativity Homosexualityandreligion Mixed-orientationmarriage Mediaportrayal Sexualdiversity Stereotypes Transgenderpeopleandreligion Issues Acephobia AIDSstigma Anti-LGBTrhetoric Biphobia Censorship Closeted Outing Domesticviolence Erasure Straightwashing Bisexualerasure Lesbianerasure Gaybashing Gayphobia Heterosexism Homophobia Intersexdiscrimination Lesbophobia Migration Non-binarydiscrimination Sexualism Transphobia Violence Academicfieldsanddiscourse Lesbianfeminism Lavenderlinguistics Queerstudies Queertheory Transfeminism Travesti LGBTportalvte LGBTisaninitialismthatstandsforlesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgender.Inusesincethe1990s,theinitialism,aswellassomeofitscommonvariants,functionsasanumbrellatermforsexualityandgenderidentity.[1] Itmayrefertoanyonewhoisnon-heterosexualornon-cisgender,insteadofexclusivelytopeoplewhoarelesbian,gay,bisexual,ortransgender.[2]Torecognizethisinclusion,apopularvariant,LGBTQ,addstheletterQforthosewhoidentifyasqueerorarequestioningtheirsexualorgenderidentity;[3]LGBTQIorLGBTQI+adds"intersex"(andothergendervariants)tothedefinition.[4][5] Contents 1Historyoftheterm 2Variants 2.1Transgenderinclusion 2.2Intersexinclusion 3Criticismoftheterm 4Alternativeterms 4.1Queer 4.2SGM/GSM 4.3Rainbow 4.4Furtherumbrellaterms 4.5Clinical 4.6MVPFAFF 5Seealso 6Notes 7Externallinks Historyoftheterm Furtherinformation:Terminologyofhomosexuality TheStonewallInninthegayvillageofGreenwichVillage,Manhattan,siteoftheJune1969Stonewallriots,thecradleofthemodernLGBTrightsmovementandaniconofLGBTculture,isadornedwithrainbowprideflags.[6][7][8] LGBTpublications,prideparades,andrelatedevents,suchasthisstageatBolognaPride2008inItaly,increasinglydroptheLGBTinitialisminsteadofregularlyaddingnewletters,anddealingwithissuesofplacementofthoseletterswithinthenewtitle.[9] Thefirstwidelyusedterm,homosexual,nowcarriesnegativeconnotationsintheUnitedStates.[10]Gaybecameapopularterminthe1970s.[11] Aslesbiansforgedmorepublicidentities,thephrase"gayandlesbian"becamemorecommon.[12]Adisputeastowhethertheprimaryfocusoftheirpoliticalaimsshouldbefeminismorgayrightsledtothedissolutionofsomelesbianorganizations,includingtheDaughtersofBilitis,whichdisbandedin1970followingdisputesoverwhichgoalshouldtakeprecedence.[13]Asequalitywasapriorityforlesbianfeminists,disparityofrolesbetweenmenandwomenorbutchandfemmewereviewedaspatriarchal.Lesbianfeministseschewedgenderroleplaythathadbeenpervasiveinbarsaswellastheperceivedchauvinismofgaymen;manylesbianfeministsrefusedtoworkwithgaymen,ortakeuptheircauses.[14] Lesbianswhoheldtheessentialistview,thattheyhadbeenbornhomosexualandusedthedescriptor"lesbian"todefinesexualattraction,oftenconsideredtheseparatistopinionsoflesbian-feministstobedetrimentaltothecauseofgayrights.[15]Bisexualandtransgenderpeoplealsosoughtrecognitionaslegitimatecategorieswithinthelargerminoritycommunity.[12] Aftertheelationofchangefollowinggroupactioninthe1969StonewallriotsinNewYorkCity,inthelate1970sandtheearly1980s,somegaysandlesbiansbecamelessacceptingofbisexualortransgenderpeople.[16][17]Critics[Likewhom?]saidthattransgenderpeoplewereactingoutstereotypesandbisexualsweresimplygaymenorlesbianwomenwhowereafraidtocomeoutandbehonestabouttheiridentity.[16]Eachcommunityhasstruggledtodevelopitsownidentityincludingwhether,andhow,toalignwithothergenderandsexuality-basedcommunities,attimesexcludingothersubgroups;theseconflictscontinuetothisday.[17]LGBTQactivistsandartistshavecreatedposterstoraiseconsciousnessabouttheissuesincethemovementbegan.[18] Fromabout1988,activistsbegantousetheinitialismLGBTintheUnitedStates.[19]Notuntilthe1990swithinthemovementdidgay,lesbian,bisexual,andtransgenderpeoplegainequalrespect.[17]Thisspurredsomeorganizationstoadoptnewnames,astheGLBTHistoricalSocietydidin1999.[20]AlthoughtheLGBTcommunityhasseenmuchcontroversyregardinguniversalacceptanceofdifferentmembergroups(bisexualandtransgenderindividuals,inparticular,havesometimesbeenmarginalizedbythelargerLGBTcommunity),thetermLGBThasbeenapositivesymbolofinclusion.[2][17] DespitethefactthatLGBTdoesnotnominallyencompassallindividualsinsmallercommunities(seeVariantsbelow),thetermisgenerallyacceptedtoincludethosenotspecificallyidentifiedinthefour-letterinitialism.[2][17]Overall,theuseofthetermLGBThas,overtime,largelyaidedinbringingotherwisemarginalizedindividualsintothegeneralcommunity.[2][17]TransgenderactressCandisCaynein2009describedtheLGBTcommunityas"thelastgreatminority",notingthat"Wecanstillbeharassedopenly"andbe"calledoutontelevision".[21] In2016,GLAAD'sMediaReferenceGuidestatesthatLGBTQisthepreferredinitialism,beingmoreinclusiveofyoungermembersofthecommunitieswhoembracequeerasaself-descriptor.[22]However,somepeopleconsiderqueertobeaderogatorytermoriginatinginhatespeechandrejectit,especiallyamongoldermembersofthecommunity.[23] Variants 2010prideparadeinPlazadeMayo,BuenosAires,whichusestheLGBTIQinitialism[24] PeoplegatheringattheSenateSquare,Helsinki,rightbeforethe2011HelsinkiPrideparadestarted Manyvariantsexistincludingvariationsthatchangetheorderoftheletters,includingLGBT+.Atleastsomeofthecomponentsofsexuality(regardinghetero,bi,straight),andalsogenderarestatedtobeon(different)spectrumsofsexuality[25][26] Othercommonvariantsalsoexist,suchasLGBTQIA,[27]withtheAstandingfor"asexual,""aromantic,"or"agender,"[28]andLGBTQIA+,where“[t]he‘+’representsthosewhoarepartofthecommunity,butforwhomLGBTQdoesnotaccuratelycaptureorreflecttheiridentity.”[29] Longeracronymshavepromptedcriticismfortheirlength,[30][31][32]andtheimplicationthattheacronymreferstoasinglecommunityisalsocontroversial.[33] Althoughidenticalinmeaning,LGBTmayhaveamorefeministconnotationthanGLBTasitplacesthe"L"(for"lesbian")first.[17]LGBTmayalsoincludeadditionalQsfor"queer"or"questioning"(sometimesabbreviatedwithaquestionmarkandsometimesusedtomeananybodynotliterallyL,G,BorT)producingthevariantsLGBTQandLGBTQQ.[34][35][36] Theorderofthelettershasnotbeenstandardized;inadditiontothevariationsbetweenthepositionsoftheinitial"L"or"G",thementioned,lesscommonletters,ifused,mayappearinalmostanyorder.[17]InSpain,LGTBisused,thatis,reversingtheletters"B"and"T".[37] LongerinitialismsbasedonLGBTaresometimesreferredtoas"alphabetsoup".[38]Varianttermsdonottypicallyrepresentpoliticaldifferenceswithinthecommunity,butarisesimplyfromthepreferencesofindividualsandgroups.[39] Thetermspansexual,omnisexual,fluidandqueer-identifiedareregardedasfallingundertheumbrellatermbisexual(andthereforeareconsideredapartofthebisexualcommunity). SomeuseLGBT+tomean"LGBTandrelatedcommunities".[26]LGBTQIAissometimesusedandadds"queer,intersex,andasexual"tothebasicterm.[40]Othervariantsmayhavea"U"for"unsure";a"C"for"curious";another"T"for"transvestite";a"TS",or"2"for"two-spirit"persons;oran"SA"for"straightallies".[41][42][43][44][45]TheinclusionofstraightalliesintheLGBTacronymhasprovencontroversialasmanystraightallieshavebeenaccusedofusingLGBTadvocacytogainpopularityandstatusinrecentyears,[46]andvariousLGBTactivistshavecriticisedtheheteronormativeworldviewofcertainstraightallies.[47]Somemayalsoadda"P"for"polyamorous",an"H"for"HIV-affected",oran"O"for"other".[17][48]TheinitialismLGBTIHhasseenuseinIndiatoencompassthehijrathirdgenderidentityandtherelatedsubculture.[49][50] Addingthetermalliestotheinitialismhassparkedcontroversy,[51]withsomeseeingtheinclusionof"ally"inplaceof"asexual"asaformofasexualerasure.[52]ThereisalsotheacronymQUILTBAG(queerandquestioning,unsure,intersex,lesbian,transgenderandtwo-spirit,bisexual,asexualandaromantic,andgayandgenderqueer).[53] SimilarlyLGBTIQA+standsfor"lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,intersex,queer/questioning,asexualandmanyotherterms(suchasnon-binaryandpansexual)".[54]The+afterthe"A"maydenoteasecond"A"representing"allies".[55] InCanada,thecommunityissometimesidentifiedasLGBTQ2(Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender,QueerandTwoSpirit).[56]Dependingonthewhichorganizationisusingtheacronymthechoiceofacronymchanges.BusinessesandtheCBCoftensimplyemployLGBTasaproxyforanylongeracronym,privateactivistgroupsoftenemployLGBTQ+,[57]whereaspublichealthprovidersfavourthemoreinclusiveLGBT2Q+toaccommodatetwinspiritedindigenouspeoples.[58]ForatimethePrideTorontoorganizationusedthemuchlengthieracronymLGBTTIQQ2SA,butappearstohavedroppedthisinfavourofsimplerwording.[59] Transgenderinclusion Thetermtrans*hasbeenadoptedbysomegroupsasamoreinclusivealternativeto"transgender",wheretrans(withouttheasterisk)hasbeenusedtodescribetransmenandtranswomen,whiletrans*coversallnon-cisgender(genderqueer)identities,includingtransgender,transsexual,transvestite,genderqueer,genderfluid,non-binary,genderfuck,genderless,agender,non-gendered,thirdgender,two-spirit,bigender,andtransmanandtranswoman.[60][61]Likewise,thetermtranssexualcommonlyfallsundertheumbrellatermtransgender,butsometranssexualpeopleobjecttothis.[17] TheLGBTtermisanadaptationoftheinitialismLGB,whichbegantoreplacethetermgayinreferencetothebroaderLGBTcommunitybeginninginthemid-to-late1980s.[62]Whennotinclusiveoftransgenderpeople,theshortertermLGBisstillusedinsteadofLGBT.[17][63] Intersexinclusion Mainarticle:IntersexandLGBT ThosewhoaddintersexpeopletoLGBTgroupsororganizingmayusetheextendedinitialismLGBTI.[64][65]ThesetwoinitialismsaresometimescombinedtoformthetermsLGBTIQ [66] Therelationshipofintersextolesbian,gay,bisexualandtrans,andqueercommunitiesiscomplex,[67]butintersexpeopleareoftenaddedtotheLGBTcategorytocreateanLGBTIcommunity.SomeintersexpeopleprefertheinitialismLGBTI,whileotherswouldratherthattheynotbeincludedaspartoftheterm.[65][68]EmiKoyamadescribeshowinclusionofintersexinLGBTIcanfailtoaddressintersex-specifichumanrightsissues,includingcreatingfalseimpressions"thatintersexpeople'srightsareprotected"bylawsprotectingLGBTpeople,andfailingtoacknowledgethatmanyintersexpeoplearenotLGBT.[69]OrganisationIntersexInternationalAustraliastatesthatsomeintersexindividualsaresamesexattracted,andsomeareheterosexual,but"LGBTIactivismhasfoughtfortherightsofpeoplewhofalloutsideofexpectedbinarysexandgendernorms".[70][71]JuliusKaggwaofSIPDUgandahaswrittenthat,whilethegaycommunity"offersusaplaceofrelativesafety,itisalsooblivioustoourspecificneeds".[72] Numerousstudieshaveshownhigherratesofsamesexattractioninintersexpeople,[73][74]witharecentAustralianstudyofpeoplebornwithatypicalsexcharacteristicsfindingthat52%ofrespondentswerenon-heterosexual,[75][76]thusresearchonintersexsubjectshasbeenusedtoexploremeansofpreventinghomosexuality.[73][74]Asanexperienceofbeingbornwithsexcharacteristicsthatdonotfitsocialnorms,[77]intersexcanbedistinguishedfromtransgender,[78][79][80]whilesomeintersexpeoplearebothintersexandtransgender.[81] Criticismoftheterm LGBTfamilies,liketheseina2007Bostonprideparade,arelabeledasnon-heterosexualbyresearchersforavarietyofreasons.[82][better source needed] TheinitialismsLGBTorGLBTarenotagreedtobyeveryonethattheyencompass.[33]Forexample,somearguethattransgenderandtranssexualcausesarenotthesameasthatoflesbian,gay,andbisexual(LGB)people.[83]Thisargumentcentersontheideathatbeingtransgenderortranssexualhavetodomorewithgenderidentity,oraperson'sunderstandingofbeingornotbeingamanorawomanirrespectiveoftheirsexualorientation.[17]LGBissuescanbeseenasamatterofsexualorientationorattraction.[17]ThesedistinctionshavebeenmadeinthecontextofpoliticalactioninwhichLGBgoals,suchassame-sexmarriagelegislationandhumanrightswork(whichmaynotincludetransgenderandintersexpeople),maybeperceivedtodifferfromtransgenderandtranssexualgoals.[17] Abeliefin"lesbian&gayseparatism"(nottobeconfusedwiththerelated"lesbianseparatism"),holdsthatlesbiansandgaymenform(orshouldform)acommunitydistinctandseparatefromothergroupsnormallyincludedintheLGBTQsphere.[84]Whilenotalwaysappearingofsufficientnumberororganizationtobecalledamovement,separatistsareasignificant,vocal,andactiveelementwithinmanypartsoftheLGBTcommunity.[85][84][86]Insomecasesseparatistswilldenytheexistenceorrighttoequalityofbisexualorientationsandoftranssexuality,[85]sometimesleadingpublicbiphobiaandtransphobia.[85][84]Incontraststoseparatists,PeterTatchelloftheLGBThumanrightsgroupOutRage!arguesthattoseparatethetransgendermovementfromtheLGBwouldbe"politicalmadness",statingthat:[87] Queersare,liketransgenderpeople,genderdeviant.Wedon'tconformtotraditionalheterosexistassumptionsofmaleandfemalebehaviour,inthatwehavesexualandemotionalrelationshipswiththesamesex.Weshouldcelebrateourdiscordancewithmainstreamstraightnorms.[...] Theportrayalofanall-encompassing"LGBTcommunity"or"LGBcommunity"isalsodislikedbysomelesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgenderpeople.[88][89]Somedonotsubscribetoorapproveofthepoliticalandsocialsolidarity,andvisibilityandhumanrightscampaigningthatnormallygoeswithitincludinggaypridemarchesandevents.[88][89]Someofthembelievethatgroupingtogetherpeoplewithnon-heterosexualorientationsperpetuatesthemyththatbeinggay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc.makesapersondeficientlydifferentfromotherpeople.[88]ThesepeopleareoftenlessvisiblecomparedtomoremainstreamgayorLGBTactivists.[88][89]Sincethisfactionisdifficulttodistinguishfromtheheterosexualmajority,itiscommonforpeopletoassumeallLGBTpeoplesupportLGBTliberationandthevisibilityofLGBTpeopleinsociety,includingtherighttoliveone'slifeinadifferentwayfromthemajority.[88][89][90]Inthe1996bookAnti-Gay,acollectionofessayseditedbyMarkSimpson,theconceptofa'one-size-fits-all'identitybasedonLGBTstereotypesiscriticizedforsuppressingtheindividualityofLGBTpeople.[91] WritingintheBBCNewsMagazinein2014,JulieBindelquestionswhetherthevariousgendergroupingsnow,"bracketedtogether"..."sharethesameissues,valuesandgoals?"Bindelreferstoanumberofpossiblenewinitialismsfordifferingcombinationsandconcludesthatitmaybetimeforthealliancestobereformedorfinallygo"ourseparateways".[92]In2015,theslogan"DroptheT"wascoinedtoencourageLGBTorganizationstostopsupportoftransgenderpeople;thecampaignhasbeenwidelycondemnedbymanyLGBTgroupsastransphobic.[93][94][95][96] Alternativeterms Queer Mainarticle:Queer Manypeoplehavelookedforagenerictermtoreplacethenumerousexistinginitialisms.[85]Wordssuchasqueer(anumbrellatermforsexualandgenderminoritiesthatarenotheterosexual,orcisgender)andrainbowhavebeentried,butmosthavenotbeenwidelyadopted.[85][97]Queerhasmanynegativeconnotationstoolderpeoplewhorememberthewordasatauntandinsultandsuch(negative)usageofthetermcontinues.[85][97]ManyyoungerpeoplealsounderstandqueertobemorepoliticallychargedthanLGBT.[97][98] SGM/GSM Mainarticle:Sexualminority SGM,orGSM,[99]anabbreviationforsexualandgenderminorities,hasgainedparticularcurrencyingovernment,academia,andmedicine.IthasbeenadoptedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth;[100]theCentersforMedicare&MedicaidServices;[101]andtheUCLAWilliamsInstitute,whichstudiesSGMlawandpolicy.[102]DukeUniversityandtheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscobothhaveprominentSexualandGenderMinorityhealthprograms.[103][104]AnNIHpaperrecommendsthetermSGMbecauseitisinclusiveof"thosewhomaynotself-identifyasLGBT…orthosewhohaveaspecificmedicalconditionaffectingreproductivedevelopment,"[105]apublicationfromtheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudgetexplainsthat"WebelievethatSGMismoreinclusive,becauseitincludespersonsnotspecificallyreferencedbytheidentitieslistedinLGBT,"[106]andaUKgovernmentpaperfavorsSGMbecauseinitialslikeLGBTIQ+standfortermsthat,especiallyoutsidetheGlobalNorth,are"notnecessarilyinclusiveoflocalunderstandingsandtermsusedtodescribesexualandgenderminorities."[107]AnexampleofusageoutsidetheGlobalNorthistheConstitutionofNepal,whichidentifies"genderandsexualminorities"asaprotectedclass.[108] Rainbow "Rainbow"hasconnotationsthatrecallhippies,NewAgemovements,andgroupssuchastheRainbowFamilyorJesseJackson'sRainbow/PUSHCoalition.SGL("samegenderloving")issometimesfavoredamonggaymaleAfricanAmericansasawayofdistinguishingthemselvesfromwhattheyregardaswhite-dominatedLGBTcommunities.[109] Furtherumbrellaterms Somepeopleadvocatetheterm"minoritysexualandgenderidentities"(MSGI,coinedin2000),soastoexplicitlyincludeallpeoplewhoarenotcisgenderandheterosexual;orgender,sexual,andromanticminorities(GSRM),whichismoreexplicitlyinclusiveofminorityromanticorientationsandpolyamory;butthosehavenotbeenwidelyadoptedeither.[110][111][112][113][114]OtherrareumbrellatermsareGenderandSexualDiversities(GSD),[115]MOGII(MarginalizedOrientations,GenderIdentities,andIntersex)andMOGAI(MarginalizedOrientations,GenderAlignmentsandIntersex).[116][117] Clinical Inpublichealthsettings,MSM("menwhohavesexwithmen")isclinicallyusedtodescribemenwhohavesexwithothermenwithoutreferringtotheirsexualorientation,withWSW("womenwhohavesexwithwomen")alsousedasananalogousterm.[118][119] MVPFAFF MVPFAFFisanabbreviationforMāhū,Vakasalewa,Palopa,Fa’afafine,Akava’ine,Fakaleitī(Leiti),andFakafifine.ThistermwasdevelopedbyPhyleshaBrown-Actonin2010attheAsiaPacificGamesHumanRightsConference.[120]ThisreferstothoseintherainbowPasifikacommunitythatmayormaynotidentifywiththeLGBTacronym.[121] Seealso LGBTportal Androphiliaandgynephilia Genderandsexualdiversity LGBTsymbols Notes ^Parent,MikeC.;DeBlaere,Cirleen;Moradi,Bonnie(June2013)."ApproachestoResearchonIntersectionality:PerspectivesonGender,LGBT,andRacial/EthnicIdentities".SexRoles.68(11–12):639–645.doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2.S2CID 144285021. 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^"Prideontheprowl".DalhousieNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9October2014.Retrieved6October2014. ^Young,RM&Meyer,IH(2005)TheTroublewith"MSM"and"WSW":ErasureoftheSexual-MinorityPersoninPublicHealthDiscourseAmericanJournalofPublicHealthJuly2005Vol.95No.7. ^Glick,MMuzyka,BCSalkin,LMLurie,D(1994)Necrotizingulcerativeperiodontitis:amarkerforimmunedeteriorationandapredictorforthediagnosisofAIDSJournalofPeriodontology199465p.393–397. ^Brown-Acton,Phylesha(25February2020)."Handsandfeet:AreflectiononPolynesiannavigation—aNiueFakafifinecommunitypractitionerperspectiveinAotearoa-NewZealand".TeKaharoa.15(1).doi:10.24135/tekaharoa.v15i1.298.ISSN 1178-6035.S2CID 226134097.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24June2021.Retrieved2October2021. ^"Rainbow".LeVa.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2October2021.Retrieved2October2021. 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